新发传染病全球大流行的挑战与跨部门综合防控策略

Challenges of the global pandemics of emerging infectious diseases and integrated intersectoral prevention strategy

新发传染病(EID)是指新出现的或既往已经存在但发病率或影响范围迅速增加的传染性疾病。受气候变化、病原体进化等因素影响,EID发生频率及形成大流行的风险在不断增加。新型冠状病毒感染等疾病的暴发已经对全球健康、经济和社会稳定造成了巨大冲击。这些疾病的全球大流行不仅直接影响人类健康,还给经济发展、贫困减少和教育等方面带来诸多负面影响。为了有效应对EID的挑战,国家和国际组织采取了一系列综合性防控策略,包括降低病原体溢出风险、建立综合性监测与预警系统、协调部门间的合作与信息共享以及以全健康(One Health)理念开展跨部门联防联控。当下EID防控依然面临诸多挑战,本文总结EID大流行所带来的挑战、国家及国际层面的应对防控策略以及当前防控的进展和具体案例,为将来应对EID大流行提供经验参考。

Emerging infectious diseases(EIDs) are either newly emerging or previously existing infectious diseases that are experiencing a rapid increase in incidence or geographic spread. The risk of EIDs outbreaks and pandemics is escalating due to factors such as climate change, pathogen evolution. Outbreaks of EIDs, like coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), have significantly impacted on global health, the economy, and social stability. Such global pandemics not only directly affect human health but also negatively impact on economic development, poverty reduction, and education. To tackle the challenges of EIDs, organizations at national and international levels have adopted a series of comprehensive prevention and control strategies, including reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, establishing comprehensive detection and early warning systems, and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration and sharing information with other departments, and implementing the One Health concept for cross-sectoral prevention and control. This article summarizes the challenges posed by EIDs pandemics, the prevention and control strategies at the national and international levels, the current progress, and specific cases to provide a reference for future responses to EIDs pandemics.