生物炭基产品及其对土壤培肥改良效应的研究进展

Advances in research on biochar-based products and their effects on soil fertility improvement

生物炭疏松多孔,具有很强的吸附和抗分解能力,其在农业中的应用不仅实现了秸秆资源的有效利用,还对改良土壤、减少化肥使用、增强土壤固碳能力和降低温室气体排放具有重要意义。然而,生物炭直接用作肥料时,由于其养分含量相对较低,运输和储存成本较高,加之易引起粉尘污染等问题,限制了其在农业中的广泛应用。近年来,将生物炭作为载体或特定功能组分,开发新型土壤培肥改良产品及配套技术,成为推动可持续农业发展的重要方向。通过养分合理组配和控制释放,生物炭基产品不仅能改善土壤结构、提高养分利用率,还能缓解土壤障碍、改善作物生长条件,已成为当前本领域研究热点。本文综述了生物炭基产品的类型、制备工艺、性能评价和在土壤改良与培肥中的应用,指出其对提升土壤质量、促进作物增产和环境保护具有显著效果,未来需加强新材料和技术研发,完善检测标准,加快示范推广,并关注其长期应用的生态环境效应。

Biochar,rich in carbon,and loose and porous structure,possesses strong adsorption and decomposition resistance capabilities.Its application in agriculture provides an effective utilization way for large amounts of straw resources,and its intrinsic physical properties are conducive to soil amendment,reducing chemical fertilizer input,enhancing soil’s carbon sequestration capacity,and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.However,the direct use of biochar as fertilizer is limited in agriculture due to its low nutrient content resulting in high transportation and storage costs,and the possible dust pollution during application.In recent years,many researches focused on developing soil amelioration agents and controlled-release fertilizers using biochar as a carrier or a specific functional component.And some biochar-based products showed satisfactory effects on improving soil structure and nutrient utilization efficiency,and alleviating soil constraints and enhancing crop growth conditions.This paper reviews the main types and preparation processes of biochar-based products,and their performance in soil improvement and fertilization,highlighting their remarkable effects on improving soil quality,crop yield,and environmental protection.Future efforts are proposed therefrom,including research and development of new materials and technology,modification of testing standards and evaluation system,demonstration and promotion of biochar-based products,and to the long-term effect on ecological environment.