从会、季到书院:论晚清义宁州书院的演变及其意义

From Societies and Seasons to Academies:Discussing the Evolution and Significance of the Late Qing Yiningzhou Academy

在土著与客籍关于地方教育资源激烈竞争的背景下,晚清时期江西义宁州出现了由会、季等地方公益组织演变为书院的现象。由会、季发展而成的书院主要有三种类型,分别为奎光书院、泰交书院的建设基础系民间考课与奖学的文会;梯云书院接收了宁怀兴季等机构的租产并保留了该类机构的宾兴助学功能;培元书院则由纯粹的宾兴会发展为延师授业、考课奖赏、散给花红的复合型书院。晚清义宁州从会、季到书院的演变丰富了我国古代书院发展模式及书院性质与规制的认识,深刻反映了地方社会在近代的变迁。

In the context of intense competition over local educational resources between indigenous and settler communities during the late Qing period,there emerged a phenomenon in Jiangxi's Yiningzhou where local charitable organizations,such as societies and seasonal gatherings,evolved into academies.There were three main types of academies developed from these organizations.Firstly,Kuiguang Academy and Taijiao Academy were based on the community examination and scholarship system of the literary societies;Tiyun Academy took over the leasehold properties from organizations like Ninghuai Xing Ji and retained their functions of hosting and supporting education;Peiyuan Academy evolved from a purely hosting society into a comprehensive academy that included teaching,examination incentives,and distributing bonuses.The transformation from societies and seasonal gatherings to academies in late Qing Yiningzhou enriched the understanding of the development models and regulatory nature of ancient Chinese academies,profoundly reflecting the changes in local society in modern times.