民间童话研究的目的论思想——以瑞士著名学者麦克斯·吕蒂为例

The Teleological Thought of Folk Fairy Tale Studies:Take the Famous Swiss Scholar Max Lüthi as an Example

目的论是探讨事物产生的目的、本原及其归宿的一种学说,与文学形式研究具有潜在而深刻的关联,瑞士著名学者麦克斯·吕蒂的民间童话研究即以目的论思想为出发点。这种目的论不是指研究者研究民间童话的目的是什么,而是指研究者需要以民间童话自身的目的为目的,研究的根本目的在于直观民间童话自身的内在目的并促成这种内在目的的完满实现,至少需要分析民间童话内在目的获得完满实现的前提条件。正是基于目的论立场,吕蒂考察了民间童话的形式演变过程,认为童话及其他民间文学体裁的讲述者不能完全随心所欲,而必须在各种体裁的目的形式的规律和要求之下进行讲述或叙事。同时,吕蒂不仅把欧洲民间童话视为一个整体,而且把作为童话讲述者、传承人和主人公形象的人也视为一个整体,这就意味着吕蒂的民间童话研究具有整体的和普遍主义的目的论立场。目的论思想不仅是深入理解吕蒂民间童话研究的一把钥匙,而且对文学研究和民俗学研究的方法论也具有深刻的理论启迪价值。

Teleology is a theory that explores the purpose,arche and destination of things,which has a potential and profound connection with the study of literary forms,the famous Swiss scholar Max Lüthi’s studies on folk fairy tales takes teleological thought as the starting point and keynote.This teleology does not mean what the purpose of the researcher’s studies on folk fairy tales is,but that the researcher needs to take the purpose of folk fairy tales itself as the purpose,and the fundamental purpose of the research is to intuitively understand the purpose of folk fairy tales itself and promote the complete realization of this internal purpose(Entelechie),at least it is necessary to analyze the preconditions for the complete realization of the inner purpose of folk fairy tale.It is on the basis of a teleological stance that Lüthi examines the evolution of the form of folk fairy tales,arguing that the narrators of fairy tales and other folk literary genres cannot be completely arbitrary,but must narrate or narrate under the laws and requirements of the purpose forms of various genres.At the same time,Lüthi not only treats European folk fairy tales as a whole,but also sees the storyteller,bearer and protagonist of the fairy tale as a whole,which means that Lüthi’s study of folk fairy tales has a holistic and universalist teleological stance.So teleological thought is not only a key to deep our understanding of Max Lüthi’s studies of folk fairy tales,but also has profound theoretical enlightenment value for the methodology of studying literature and folklore.