Change of probability density distributions of summer temperatures in different climate zones

Extreme events have become increasingly frequent worldwide which are reflected in diverse changes in the shape of the temperature probability density function.However,few studies have paid attention to the heterogeneity of temperature at the scale of climate zones.Here,we use the ERA5-land data set to explore interdecadal summer temperature changes and the distribution across different climate zones from 1981 to 2019.Comparing the minimum(Tmin)and maximum(Tmax)temperature of 1982–1991 and 2010–2019,the results imply that Tmin and Tmax in summer maintained a notable upward trend over the past 40 years,especially Tmin.The effects of a simple shift toward a warmer climate contributed most to all climate zones,while the standard deviation,skewness and kurtosis had minor effects on extreme temperature except for tropics.Quantile analysis shows that the probability of extreme events in all climate zones is increasing in frequency and intensity,especially Tmin and Tmax in temperate climate zone.Understanding diverse reasons for climate change can assist us with taking different measures to address extreme climate in distinct climate zones.