“家”还是“国家”:西周春秋君臣秩序的演变--基于称名方式的考察

"Family"or"State":The Evolution of the Ruler-subject Relation during the Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Periods:A Study of the Appellations in the Royal Commands

从称名方式的角度观察,周代君臣秩序存在变化,并非完全等同于家族秩序。西周时期,王命称名方式以私名和官名为主,此时君臣秩序在一定程度上超越了家族秩序。春秋时期,王命多见亲属称谓,君臣秩序中“家”的因素大大加强。这一变化的动力在于权力下降的周王室面对新的政治环境,借用亲属关系加强其与地方诸侯国的联系,凝聚周人共同体和区分华夏、戎狄。将血缘视作一种“策略”,为进一步深化先秦家族组织研究提供了一条新途径。

The appellations as seen in the royal commands suggest that the ruler-subject relation in the context of the Zhou Dynasty evolved over time,and did not completely equal the familial order.In the Western Zhou period,the appellations mainly included individual names and official titles,indicating that the contemporary ruler-subject relation to some degree transcended the familial order.During the Spring and Autumn period,by contrast,numerous kinship terms can be seen in the royal commands,suggesting that the element of kinship strengthened in the political order of this time.The dynamic for such a transformation is that the inept Zhou rulers who faced a new political environment utilized the kinship as a strategy to strengthen their connection with regional lords,consolidate the Zhou community,and distinguish themselves from the socalled"barbarians".Viewing the kinship as a strategy offers a new path to the study of the lineage organization in early China.