论明代讲章的三种类型

On Three Types of Teaching Materials for Lecture of the Ming Dynasty

明代讲章有三种类型:宫廷经筵讲读时所进呈的讲稿、官学或书院讲学时的讲义、专为科举备考而编的“决科指南书”。决科指南书由于其功利目的而导致对儒家经典的肢解甚至曲解,引起了明末清初以来学者的严厉批判。但我们不能因为存在着曲解经典的决科射利之书而否定所有的讲章,即使是有着明确决科目的的高头讲章,也有严肃寻绎儒家义理者,不应一概而论。不能因为《四书大全》在编纂体例上的杂乱而否定该书的儒学价值。从《四书大全》到《四书讲录》,这类讲义存在着程朱理学与阳明心学的不同阐释理路。以历史的观点考察明代讲章的发展变化,才能真正认识讲章的学术价值、科举史价值。

There are three types of teaching materials for lecture in the Ming Dynasty:the first is the lecture notes presented when the palace Jingyan lecture was read,the second is the lecture notes when the official school or the academy lectured,and the third is the“examination guide book”compiled for the imperial examination.Due to its utilitarian purpose,the examination guide books have led to the dismemberment or even misinterpretation of Confucian classics,which has caused severe criticism from scholars since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.But we cannot deny all the teaching materials for lecture because of the existence of misinterpreting the classic.Some of the teaching materials for lecture as examination guidelines are also serious in interpreting Confucian classics and should not be generalized.The Confucian value of the book cannot be denied because of the disorder in the compilation style of The Collection Four Books.From The Collection Four Books to The Lecture of Four Books,there are two kinds of interpretation tendencies in this kind of lecture:Cheng Zhu’s Neo-Confucianism tendency and Yang Ming’s mind tendency.We should use the historical point of view to examine the development and changes of the teaching materials for lecture in the Ming Dynasty,so as to truly understand the academic value of the sermons and the value of the history of the imperial examination.