齿梳式油茶花药采集器关键部件设计与试验

Design and testing of key components of comb-type Camellia oleifera anther collector

【目的】针对油茶花粉人工采集难度大、耗时费工、尚未实现机械化等问题,为实现油茶花粉的机械化采收,提出一种通过采集油茶花药来收集花药裂开后释放全部花粉的研究思路,设计一种油茶花药采集装置,并对其工作过程及关键部件参数进行设计与分析。【方法】基于油茶采粉与授粉农艺性状和力学特性的分析,设计一种齿梳式油茶花药采集器,并对油茶花药与齿梳分离机构相互作用过程进行力学分析,确定影响花药采摘性能的主要因素。以花药采净率、花朵损伤率为评价指标,采用单因素试验法,确定齿梳间隙、齿梳安装角度、齿梳辊转速的取值范围;并以齿梳间隙、齿梳安装角度、齿梳辊转速为试验因素,开展三因素三水平正交试验;以花药采净率、花朵损伤率为考核指标,运用Design-expert软件对试验因素进行参数优化,获得了各因素的最优参数组合。根据优化后的工作参数,进行油茶花药采摘性能试验,以采摘一朵油茶花花药的时间作为评价指标,测定齿梳式油茶花药采集器的采集效率。【结果】各因素对花药采净率影响的主次排序是齿梳辊转速、齿梳安装角度、齿梳间隙;对花朵损伤率影响的主次排序是齿梳辊转速、齿梳安装角度、齿梳间隙。综合分析选取较优参数组合为:齿梳间隙为0.59 mm,齿梳安装角度为58°,齿梳辊转速为322.23 r/min;该花药采集器采净率为97.02%,花朵损伤率为8.33%。采摘性能试验表明,齿梳式油茶花药采集器平均采集效率约为3.88 s/朵。【结论】提出的齿梳机构采摘花药的方法可行,研制的齿梳式油茶花药采集器运行稳定,满足油茶生产农艺要求,可为油茶机械化采粉技术与装备研究提供参考。

[Objective]In order to address the difficulties of manual collection such as labor intensity and time consumption,as well as the lack of mechanization,this study proposes the design of a device for collecting Camellia oleifera anther,which aims to capture all the pollen released after the anther splits.Furthermore,the working process and key component parameters of the device have been designed and analyzed.[Method]Based on the analysis of the pollination and fertilization agronomic traits and mechanical properties of Camellia oleifera,a comb-type Camellia oleifera anther collector was designed.The interaction process between the Camellia oleifera anther and the comb separation mechanism was mechanically analyzed to determine the main factors affecting anther harvesting performance.Using anther cleaning rate and flower damage rate as evaluation indicators,a single-factor experimental method was employed to determine the range of values for the comb clearance,comb installation angle and comb roller speed.Furthermore,a three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted with comb clearance,comb installation angle,and comb roller speed as the experimental factors.Using anther cleaning rate and flower damage rate as assessment indicators,the Design-expert software was utilized to optimize the experimental factors and obtain the optimal parameter combinations for each factor.Based on the optimized working parameters,a performance test was conducted on the Camellia oleifera anther harvesting by using the time taken to harvest the anther of a single Camellia oleifera flower as the evaluation metric.The harvesting efficiency of the comb-type Camellia oleifera anther collector was determined.[Result]The ranking of factors in terms of affecting the anther cleaning rate is comb roller speed,comb installation angle,and comb clearance.For the flower damage rate,the ranking of factors is comb roller speed,comb installation angle,and comb clearance.Based on the comprehensive analysis,the optimal combination of parameter is:comb clearance of 0.59 mm,comb installation angle of 58°,and comb roller speed of 322.23 r/min.With these parameters,the anther collector achieves an anther net collection rate of 97.02%and a flower damage rate of 8.33%.The harvesting performance test shows that the comb-type Camellia oleifera anther collector has an average harvesting efficiency of approximately 3.88 seconds per flower.[Conclusion]The proposed method of using the comb mechanism for anther collection is feasible,and the developed comb-type Camellia oleifera anther collector operates stably,meeting the agronomic requirements for Camellia oleifera production.It can provide a reference for research on the mechanization of pollen collection technology and equipment for Camellia oleifera.