论个人自主活动与生存条件关系的三重维度——基于《德意志意识形态》的分析

The Triple Dimensions of the Relationship Between Individual Autono⁃mous Activities and Living Conditions——An Analysis Based on“The German Ideology”

马克思、恩格斯基于对费尔巴哈关于人的存在与本质关系问题的批判和对黑格尔“条件理论”的超越,揭示了个人自主活动与生存条件的辩证关系。从本然维度看,个人自主活动与生存条件是一致的,现实的个人通过自主活动不断外化生存条件,生存条件反过来内化为自主活动。从实然维度看,在资本逻辑主导的现实境遇中,由于个人自主活动的异化,生存条件成为支配人的偶然性,人的存在与本质发生分离。从应然维度看,只有在真正共同体的场域内,才能消除个人自主活动的异化形式,使生存条件从受偶然性支配转化为受社会全体成员支配,人的存在与本质在实践中实现辩证统一,为现实的个人自由而全面发展开辟道路。

Marx and Engels,through their critique of Feuerbach’s views on the relationship between human existence and essence and their transcendence of Hegel’s“theory of conditions”,unveiled the dialectical relationship between individual autonomous activities and living conditions.From the natu-ral dimension,individual autonomous activities and living conditions are consistent,where real indi-viduals externalize their living conditions through autonomous activities,which in turn internalize into these activities.From the actual dimension,under the prevailing conditions of capitalist logic,due to the alienation of individual autonomous activities,living conditions become contingent factors that dominate individuals,causing a separation between human existence and essence.From the normative dimension,only within the realm of a true community can the alienated forms of individual autono-mous activities be eliminated,transforming living conditions from being dominated by contingency to being controlled by all members of society.This transformation achieves the dialectical unity of hu-man existence and essence in practice,paving the way for the free and comprehensive development of real individuals.