重构天下文明图景——晚清春秋公法观再审视

The Reconstruction of World Civilization Landscape--Re-examination of Pre-Qin View of Public International Law in the Late Qing Dynasty

《万国公法》所引发的晚清经世儒者对西方国际法的争论,值得从文明与国际法关系的视角重新审视,春秋公法观蕴含的文明主体性尤其值得重视。以康有为、唐才常为代表的今文经学公法观,致力于以儒家普遍主义的仁学构建公法基础,援引《春秋》中的“性法”和“例法”,从仁义法的层面对西方国际法的强权主义展开批判。以廖平和宋育仁为代表的今古文经学公法观,以《周礼》济《公羊》之穷,援引《周礼》中的人伦与政教观,致力于构建以此为基础的家国天下逐级扩展的伦理性世界秩序。宋育仁以此对以个体权利和功利为本的西方国际法所导致的公法不公的危机从理论上进行了深入批判。晚清春秋公法观是现代中国国际法书写中最具有文明主体意识的先行者,对构建人类命运共同体观念、重构天下文明图景有重要价值。

The debate on Western international law among the Confucian scholars of the late Qing Dynasty triggered by the“Law of Nations”is worth re-examining from the perspective of the relationship between civilization and international law,and the civilization subjectivity embodied in the concept of public law in the pre-Qin period is particularly noteworthy.The public law concept of Confucianism represented by Kang Youwei and Tang Caichang is committed to constructing a foundation for public law based on Confucian universalism,drawing on the“nature law”and“example law”in the Spring and Autumn Annals to criticize the power doctrine of Western international law from the perspective of benevolence and righteousness.The public law concept of Confucianism represented by Liao Ping and Song Yuren is committed to constructing a hierarchical ethical world order based on the Confucian universalism of benevolence and righteousness,drawing on the human relations and political and religious concepts in the Rites of Zhou to help the public law expand step by step.Song Yuren used this to deeply criticize the crisis of injustice in public law caused by Western international law based on individual rights and utilitarianism.The concept of public law in the pre-Qin period in the late Qing Dynasty is the forerunner with the most civilized subjectivity awareness in the writing of modern Chinese international law,and is of great value for building a community of shared future for mankind and reconstructing a world civilization.