朝鲜“明国九义士”观念与朝宗岩地景的历史建构

The Historical Construction of the Concept of “the Nine Sages of the Ming Dynasty” and Chojong'am Landscape

中国人士流离朝鲜历代有之,至明末清初又形成迁移的高潮,其中追随凤林大君回朝的“明国九义士”历来被学界视为遗民逃难朝鲜的代表。但“九义士”观念的形成并非一蹴而就,而是自17世纪末至19世纪前半叶,经历了一个追溯、指认与建构的过程。“九义士”作为一个整体被予以纪念,始于“九义士”后裔王德一、王德九兄弟以及朝鲜华西学派文人柳重教、金平默等人的著述。在传记、家谱与地志的文本编纂之外,朝宗岩的开拓与九义士祠的创立,不仅固定了“九义士”的名称指涉和“九贤一心”的政治与情感内涵,更将“九义士”的历史记忆铭刻于现实的地景。考察“九义士”观念的形成与朝宗岩的创建,不仅可以一窥中朝交流史上此段独特的文化因缘,也有助于理解传统儒家义理思想在当代韩国社会的演变与存留。

Adherents of the Ming Dynasty migrating to Korea increased during the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasties.Although “the Nine Sages of the Ming Dynasty” who fled to Korea with the Prince of Pongnim were regarded by the academic community as representative refugees,their commemoration began with the writings by Wang Deyi and Wang Dejiu,descendants of the “Nine Sages”,along with Confucian scholars Yu Chunggyo and Kim Pyeongmuk from the Hwaseo School.During the late 17th to the first half of the 19th century,“the Nine Sages” were retraced,identified,and constructed.The establishment of the Nine Sages' Shrine and the development of the Chojong'amin have scribed the historic memory on the physical landscape and solidified the political and emotional significance of “Nine Sages of one heart.” By examining the formation of the concept of “the Nine Sages” and the establishment of Chojong'am,it is helpful to better understand the unique cultural bond between China and Korea during this period and the transformation and persistence of traditional Confucian moral and ethical thoughts in contemporary Korea.