大数据时代个人数据民事权利配置与保护问题

Study on Civil Rights Configuration and Protection of Personal Data in the Era of Big Data

数据主体的个人数据民事权利意在保障其对数据的自主决策权,以避免因非法收集与利用而致使其人格权益以及财产权益遭受损害。此种权利属于有别于传统物权、知识产权等的全新民事权利类型,其作用在于协调个人隐私权保护和数据利用之间的关系。文章立足个人数据的流通及保护需求,针对不同主体设定不同权属和保护规则。鉴于个人数据同时具备人格权益和财产权益的双重特性,认为可引入直接识别标准予以区分,普通个人数据的财产权益由数据业者与数据主体共有,而敏感个人数据的人格权益仅归数据主体所有;针对不同主体之间的权益冲突,认为可通过权利配置实现数据保护利用的有效平衡。

The civil rights of personal data is intended to safeguard owners'autonomous decision-making power over data,in order to avoid damage to their personality and property rights caused by illegal collection and utilization.Different from traditional property rights and intellectual property rights,the function of civil rights is to coordinate the relationship between personal privacy protection and data utilization.In view of this,the article sets different ownership and protection rules for different subjects to meet the circulation and protection needs of personal data.Given that personal data having both personality rights and property rights,it is believed that a direct identification standard can be introduced.Namely,the property rights of ordinary personal data are jointly owned by data provider and data subject,while the personality rights of sensitive personal data belong only to the data subject;It is believed that the balance between data protection and utilization can be achieved through the allocation of rights,so as to address conflicts of interest between different entities.