企业职工基本养老保险个人账户改革方案比较研究

A Comparison of Reform Proposals for the Individual Accounts in the Basic Pension Scheme for Employees

企业职工基本养老保险的参保职工去世时其个人账户有余额的,余额部分可继承;领空个人账户余额仍然存活的参保职工可以继续领取个人账户待遇直至身故,带来个人账户基金收支缺口。在计发月数偏小、个人账户投资收益率不高、记账利率虚高情况下,基金收支缺口进一步扩大。本文对四种个人账户改革方案进行模拟,比较不同改革方案的优缺点。研究发现:(1)在“仅取消可继承规定”的方案一下,或“不可继承+按平均退休余命调整计发月数”的方案二下,遗产差都远小于长寿差,个人账户无法实现基金收支平衡;(2)如取消可继承规定,能消除个人账户收支缺口的计发月数远高于可支付至平均退休余命的计发月数;(3)在“可继承+个人账户实际余额‘领空不领’”的方案三下,或“可继承+按极限年龄调整计发月数”的方案四下均可实现个人账户基金收支平衡;但方案三下长寿参保职工在领空个人账户余额后养老金替代率会大幅陡降,方案四则将待遇降低的冲击分摊在整个待遇领取期。个人账户改革方案需要在可继承规定、基金收支平衡和养老金替代率之间做权衡选择。上述研究发现对机关事业单位工作人员基本养老保险和城乡居民基本养老保险个人账户改革同样具有参考意义。

In cases where insured employees under the basic pension scheme for employees have remaining balances in their individual accounts upon their death,the remaining balance is inheritable.Insured employees who are still alive with exhausted balances in their individual accounts can continue to receive individual account benefits until their passing.These two scenarios lead to a funding gap in the individual account.The low number of months for benefit distribution,low investment returns on individual accounts,and high accounting interest rates exacerbate the fund's income and expenditure gap.This article simulates four reform proposals for individual accounts and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each.The research reveals that:(1)under Proposal One,which involves only abolishing the inheritance provision,or under Proposal Two,which excludes inheritance and adjusts the benefit distribution months based on the average remaining life after retirement,the inheritance gap is significantly smaller than the longevity gap,making it unfeasible for individual accounts to achieve fund balance;(2)if the inheritance provision is abolished,the number of benefit distribution months required to eliminate the funding gap in the individual account exceeds the number that can be paid until the average remaining life after retirement;(3)both under Proposal Three,which includes inheritance and the discontinuation of individual account pensions after the actual balance of individual accounts is exhausted,and Proposal Four,which adjusts the number of benefit distribution months based on the maximum age,a balance of individual account funds can be achieved.However,under Proposal Three,the pension replacement rate significantly drops for long-lived insured employees after the individual account balance is depleted,while Proposal Four spreads the impact of reduced benefits throughout the entire benefit period.Reform proposals for individual accounts require a trade-off between inheritance provisions,fund balance,and pension replacement rates.The findings of this study are also relevant to the reform of individual accounts in basic pension insurance schemes for government institutions,public service units,and urban and rural residents.