水稻抗旱性研究进展

Research Progress on Drought Resistance in Rice

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是全世界1/3以上人口的主粮,是人类赖以生存的重要物质基础和保障。然而,多数水稻主产区面临的淡水资源匮乏问题严重制约水稻生长,导致水稻产量骤减,威胁粮食安全。深入探究水稻抗旱机理、选育推广节水抗旱稻,不仅有利于合理利用淡水资源,还对保障粮食安全具有重要意义。育种家利用形态、生理生化和产量指标,筛选和培育出强抗旱性的节水抗旱稻品种,并推广应用。研究人员利用关联作图、GWAS、表达谱及多组学联合分析等方法,挖掘出很多与水稻抗旱性相关转录因子、转运蛋白、泛素化酶、蛋白酶及蛋白激酶等,证明水稻抗旱性是受多基因控制的数量性状,并解析了激素含量调节、活性氧清除、渗透调节、角质蜡沉积和根结构改善等一系列水稻抗旱机制。然而,培育的节水抗旱稻数量仍不能满足我国的需求,抗旱基因仍有待于进一步挖掘解析。该文通过搜集、查阅国内外近20年水稻抗旱性相关文献,归纳总结3类水稻抗旱性常规鉴定指标,综合分析水稻抗旱性重要机制和抗旱性关键基因/QTL的最新进展。

As the main staple food for over one-third of the world’s population,rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the crucial material foundation and guarantee for human survival and productivity.However,most of rice-producing regions are facing serious water scarcity issues,which severely restrict rice growth,leading to a sharp decrease in rice yield and posing a threat to food security.Therefore,studies of drought resistance mechanisms as well as breeding and application of water-saving and drought-resistant rice varieties are not only beneficial for utilizing freshwater resources in a sustainable manner,it also holds significant importance for ensuring food security.Breeders have screened and bred water-saving and drought-resistant varieties through the evaluation of morphological traits,physiological-biochemical and yield indexes,and even have promoted them.Researchers have identified many drought genes related to transcription factors,transport proteins,ubiquitin ligases,proteases and protein kinases by using genetic mapping,GWAS,expression profiling and multi-omics integrative analysis,indicating that drought resistance of rice is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes.They also demonstrated the mechanisms including hormone regulation,reactive oxygen scavenging,osmotic regulation,cuticular wax deposition and root architecture improvement.However,the number of water-saving and drought-resistant varieties cannot meet the urgent need for our country,the drought resistant genes are still need to be mined and demonstrated.In this article,we collected and reviewed literature related to rice drought resistance over the past two decades in China and abroad.And then summarized three types of conventional identification indexes for rice drought resistance,and comprehensively analyzed the latest progress of important mechanisms and key genes (QTLs) for rice drought resistance.