外来植物种子特征对其入侵过程的影响

Effects of seed characteristics of alien plants on their invasive processes

外来植物经历引入、定植、归化和入侵阶段,成为入侵植物,严重威胁本地生态系统,造成重大的经济损失。外来植物种子对其入侵过程至关重要。本文通过综述利于外来植物引入、定植、归化和入侵过程的种子生活史、传播、生理和繁殖特征,发现:(1)外来植物的引入过程依靠种子的自体传播、风力传播、水力传播、动物传播、人为传播和多媒传播方式完成;(2)定植过程依赖种子的多种萌发、休眠和活力维持策略等生理特征;(3)归化过程依赖土壤种子库密度和持久性,利于在新生境逐渐建立稳定群落;(4)入侵过程依赖种子的传播、生理和种子库综合特征,提高植物入侵成功率。虽然入侵植物的种子特性对入侵植物的检疫、预测和防治具有重要意义,但基于种子特性的防控技术尚不成熟。因此,需要集中科研力量,研发阻止外来植物引入、定植、归化和入侵的技术,为外来入侵植物防除提供技术基础。

Alien plants become invasive plants after the processes of introduction,colonization,naturalization,and invasion.They seriously threaten local ecosystems and cause significant economic losses.The seeds of alien plants are crucial to the invasion process.However,effects of seed characteristics on the invasion process and control have not been qualified.By summarizing seed characteristics of life history,dispersal,physiology and reproduction con-ducive to the processes of introduction,colonization,naturalization and invasion of alien plants,we found that:(1)the introduction process of alien plants depends on autochory,anemochory,hydrochory,zoochory,anthropo-chory,and polychory;(2)the colonization process depends on the physiological characteristics of seeds,such as multiple germination,dormancy and vitality maintenance strategies;(3)the naturalization process depends on soil seed bank density and persistence conducive to the gradual establishment of stable communities in new habitats;(4)the invasion process depends on the integrated seed characteristics of dispersal,physiology,and seed bank,which could improve probability of the process.Although seed characteristics are very important for quarantine,pre-diction,and control of invasive plants,but control technology based on seed characteristics is rare.Therefore,it is necessary to develop technology for preventing the introduction,colonization,naturalization and invasion of alien plants,which would provide a technical basis for the control of alien invasive plants.