形式价值论与质料价值论——关于胡塞尔与舍勒价值论伦理学的比较分析

Formal Versus Material Axiology——A Comparative Analysis of Husserl's and Scheler's Ethics

价值论尽管被胡塞尔和舍勒放在各自伦理学中的优先位置,但在双方那里差异显著。胡塞尔认为价值论应该是形式的,并且要以与逻辑学的类比作为引导而得以建成;舍勒则主张形式的道德原则应该让位于先天被给予的价值,因为“先天的”与“形式的”并非等同关系,完全可以有“先天质料”,从而伦理学应该被建成先天的质料伦理学。对舍勒来说,重要的是对价值质料及其秩序的本质直观,而非感性直观,毋宁说价值奠基了形象内容,价值伦理学完全独立于逻辑学,这样就直接倒转了胡塞尔的价值论中逻辑理性对价值论理性的奠基关系。

The axiology, although prioritized by Husserl and Scheler in their respective ethics, differs significantly from each other. Husserl argues that the axiology should be formal and constructed by analogy with logic, while Scheler argues that formal moral imperatives should give way to a apriori given values since the "a apriori" and the "formal" are not equivalent, and there can be "a apriori material". Thus, ethics should be built as an a apriori material ethics. For Scheler, it is the essential intuition of the material value and order of values that counts rather than sensible intuition. It is the value that founds the content of the image, and axiology is completely independent of logic. Therefore, this claim directly challenges Husserl's axiology regarding its founding relationship between logical rationality and axiological rationality.