头癣治疗运动与以色列现代国家形象的建构

The Ringworm Treatment Campaign and the Construction of Israel’s Modern State Image

在以色列建国前,散居世界各地的犹太人常被认为是虚弱多病的族群,而头癣的高发病率被视为这一族群特征的重要证据。如何改善因头癣而被污名化的犹太人形象,成为犹太复国主义领袖迫切需要解决的问题。在英国委任统治时期,以哈达萨为代表的犹太复国主义组织在巴勒斯坦多个犹太社区积极开展治疗和预防头癣的公共卫生行动。1948年以色列建国后,大量患有头癣的犹太移民涌入,给以色列公共卫生带来较大挑战。作为应对,以色列发起头癣治疗运动,试图全面克服犹太移民这一身体上的顽疾,塑造健康的、符合犹太复国主义理念的犹太“新人”,提升以色列作为现代国家的形象。头癣治疗运动成效明显,基本治愈了移民中的头癣患者,以色列国家公共卫生体系也在这一过程中得到发展,以色列国家的健康形象也得以提升。但头癣治疗运动在一定程度上造成犹太族群内部隔阂和歧视加深,病患群体隐私暴露、健康权益受损等方面的问题。如何平衡国家、族群和个体利益之间的关系,在社会正义和平等的基础上构建一个普惠包容的国家公共卫生体系,是以色列需要深入思考和认真面对的问题。

Prior to the founding of the State of Israel,Jews in the Diaspora were often considered to be a weak and sickly people,and the high incidence of ringworm of the head was considered to be significant evidence of this national identity.The question of how to improve the Jewish image,which was stigmatized by ringworm,became a pressing issue for Zionist leaders.During the British Mandate period,Zionist organizations represented by Hadassah were active in public health initiatives for the treatment and prevention of tinea capitis in a number of Jewish communities in Palestine,and after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948,the influx of immigrants suffering from tinea capitis posed a great challenge to Israeli public health.In response,Israel launched a ringworm treatment campaign in an attempt to comprehensively overcome this physical ailment among Jewish immigrants,to create a healthy“new Jewish man”in line with Zionist ideals,and to enhance Israel’s image as a modern state.The results of this campaign were obvious,as it basically cured the immigrants of tinea capitis,and the public health system of Israel developed in the process,enhancing Israel’s image as a healthy state.However,the tinea capitis treatment campaign has,to a certain extent,led to the deepening of the divide and discrimination within the Jewish community,and the exposure of the privacy of the patient group and the impairment of their health rights.How to balance the interests of the state,the community and the individual,and how to build a universal and inclusive national public health system based on social justice and equality is an issue that Israel needs to think deeply about and face seriously.