黑格尔论财富的起源、发展和异化

Hegel’s Theory on the Origin, Development and Alienation of Wealth

财富问题构成黑格尔市民社会学说的核心组成部分。黑格尔在现象学中探讨了财富的起源,指出精神在其发展阶段中会以财富的形式表现出来,而这种表现形式又是与人类意识发展史中的特定意识形态交织在一起的。他指出,在市民社会中形成了普遍财富,即人们为了满足自身的需要而通过生产劳动在物质和精神方面创造的文明成果,以及相互依赖的社会关系。这种普遍财富具有特殊性、伦理性和物象化的特性,体现了特殊性与普遍性的统一。同时,他强调,财富在商品经济和世俗化的浪潮中异化为“主人”,反过来主宰人的命运。黑格尔对市民社会中普遍财富的分析已经具有历史唯物主义立场的萌芽,但他毕竟是从客观唯心主义的角度来看待财富的本质的,视财富为自在的精神,因而最终与历史唯物主义失之交臂。

The issue of wealth constitutes a core component of Hegel's theory of civil society. Hegel explores the origin of wealth in his phenomenology, pointing out that the spirit will manifest in the form of wealth during its developmental stage, and this manifestation is intertwined with specific ideologies in the history of human consciousness development. He points out that universal wealth has been formed in civil society, and it means civilized achievements people have created in material and spiritual aspects through productive labor to meet their own needs, as well as interdependent social relationships. This universal wealth has characteristics of specificity, ethics and objectification, reflecting the unity of specificity and universality. At the same time, he emphasizes that in the wave of commodity economy and secularization, wealth is aliened as the “master” in turn dominates human destiny, and therefore must be abandoned. Hegel's analysis of universal wealth in civil society has already sprouted a historical materialist stance, but he ultimately views the essence of wealth from the perspective of objective idealism, viewing wealth as the spirit of freedom, and thus misses out on historical materialism.