作为否定性概念的“公民不服从”——哈贝马斯的公民不服从思想

“Civil Disobedience”as a Negative Concept——Habermas’s Idea of Civil Disobedience

“公民不服从”守护的是共同生活的底线,而非某种积极向往,因而是否定的。它不是法律体系的局部性要素,而是法律体系否定地自我指涉的悖论性结构;它与多数原则之间的张力并非源于政治决策形式上的逻辑矛盾,而是源于不同生活形式的实质对抗。法律体系与政治系统的自我革新无法消解公民不服从带来的疑难,二者共谋的权力内在循环机制也无济于事。事实上,法律与政治权力的合法性产生于社会交往,对交往权力的捍卫是哈贝马斯化解合法性危机、消解公民不服从问题的关键。这一关注社会整体与局部辩证关系的思想突破了实证科学范式的限制,推进了公民不服从问题的研究深度,但也面临着严峻的考验:其中暗含的无政府主义要素仍处于自相矛盾之中,无主体的匿名交往则将使其丧失社会斗争维度。

“Civil disobedience”guards the bottom line of common life rather than a positive aspiration,thus it is negative.It is not a partial element of the legal system,but a paradoxical structure of the legal system’s negative self-referentiality.The tension between it and the principle of majority does not originate from the logical contradiction in the form of political decision-making,but from the substantive confrontation between different forms of life.The self-reinvention of the legal and political systems does not resolve the dilemmas of civil disobedience,nor does the mechanism of inherent circulation of power between them.In fact,the legiti⁃macy of legal and political power arises from social interaction,and the defence of the power of interaction is the key to Habermas’s resolution of the crisis of legitimacy and the problem of civil disobedience.This idea,which focuses on the dialectical relationship between the whole and the part of society,breaks through the limitations of the empirical scientific paradigm and advances the depth of the study of the problem of civil dis⁃obedience.However,it also faces a serious test that the implied element of anarchy is still in contradiction,and the anonymous interactions without a subject will deprive it of the dimension of social struggle.Therefore,the solution needs to be further discussed.