论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

On the Legal Basis and Normative Structure of the Ecological Environment Damage Compensation System

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

To understand the ecological environment damage compensation system,we must start from the overall perspective of the modernization of environmental governance system and governance capacity.At the same time,we must also clarify the core concepts of ecological environment and natural resources,ecological environment damage and damage compensation,and the right to claim compensation and the right to sue for compensation.Existing theories regard the state ownership of natural resources as the substantive right basis in ecological environment damage compensation.However,whether it is the public power theory,the private power theory,the second-order structure theory,or the three-layer structure theory,none of them is rigorous.Because the ecological environment damage compensation system has a dual structure,that is,the right to claim compensation is different from the right to sue for compensation,the real right based on the ownership of natural resources in the right to claim compensation is different from the right to claim for tort debts that infringe the ecological environment,and the procedural sense of filing an ecological environment damage compensation lawsuit in the right to sue is different from the substantive sense of remedy natural resource ownership.This dual structure objectively stems from the distinction between the structural aspect of individual natural resources in the ecological environment and the functional aspect of the overall ecological function.Its theoretical basis lies in inheriting and developing the interpretation paradigm of traditional ownership,and its core content is to typify ecological environment damage.To this end,the system can be developed from two aspects.In the long run,we must rely on the series of contents on compensation for ecological environmental damage stipulated in the Ecological Environment Code under formulation,while the most urgent task is to promote the appropriate legalization of these contents with the help of judicial interpretation.