容许风险与自动驾驶场景中的注意义务

Permitted Risk and the Duty of Care in Self-Driving

仅以预见可能性和避免可能性认定注意义务的做法不能切合我国自动驾驶技术的发展阶段与方案选择。厘清容许风险与注意义务的关系是合理构建自动驾驶场景中的注意义务的前提。容许风险不是注意义务的“后端限制事由”,而是对法益风险的合理分配;主体间风险分配形成的风险管理范围型塑了注意义务的框架。自动驾驶场景中的风险分配应秉持社会分担原则、公平分配原则与有效分配原则,从横向的主体间维度与纵向的时间维度来界定研发者、制造商、销售商、使用者及其他交通参与者的注意义务。

The existing method of determining the duty of care which is based on the possibility of foreseeability and avoidance,is not suitable for the development stage and technical solution of Chinese self-driving technology.In order to reasonably construct a duty of care system in self-driving scenarios,it is of necessity to clarify the relationship between permitted risk and duty of care.The permitted risk is not a“back-end constraint”of the duty of care,but a reasonable risk-allocation by criminal law.The scope of risk management formed by risk-allocation shapes the basic framework of duty of care.Risk-allocation in self-driving scenarios should adhere to three main principles:the principle of social-sharing,the principle of fairness and the principle of efficiency.In order to reasonably determine the duty of care of program developers,manufacturers,sellers,users and other traffic participants,the duty of care system should be constructed from the inter-subjective dimension and the temporal dimension.