先秦秦汉国家形态和国家治理的历史演变

Historical Transformation of State Form and State Governance in the Pre-Qin,Qin and Han Dynasties

先秦秦汉是中国古代国家形态与国家治理的重要发展阶段。这一时期,国家结构不断"向内凝聚",君主权力逐步加强,分封制向郡县制转化,官僚制产生,国家形态与国家治理向大一统中央集权方向发展。秦汉时期,在建构大一统国家的历史实践中,出现以君权为核心、分工合作、相互制衡的中央集权组织结构及其运作模式,以公天下、民本、德法相依为指导的治理理念与实践,以国家安全与民生保障为主旨的公共工程建设与社会政策措施。这些方面共同构成中国古代大一统国家的"治理型"特征,推动中华文明绵延不断发展至今,也为今天的国家治理提供历史借鉴。

The pre-Qin,Qin and Han dynasties were an important stage in the development of state form and state governance in ancient China.During this period,the state structure continuously"converged inwardly",with the monarchical power was gradually strengthening,the enfeoffment system was transformed into the prefecture and county system,the bureaucracy was created,and the state form and state governance developed in the direction of grand unity and centralization.During the Qin and Han dynasties,in the historical practice of constructing a centralized state with great unity,the political organization structure and its operational model centering on imperial power and featuring the division of labor and cooperation,mutual checks and balances,emerged.The ideas and practices of governance were guided by the notions such as maintaining unity,moral guidance and punishment supplement,enlightenment through rituality and music,appointing officials according to their merits,strict measures against corruption,people-oriented thinking,and so on.Such state governance relied on the techniques represented by document administration.Thus the Qin and Han dynasties exhibited in terms of prominent characteristics of"governance-oriented"state type.The pursuit of unity in the"converging inwardly"of ancient China,and governance-oriented political and cultural tradition safeguarded the essential characteristics of Chinese civilization during the turmoil of dynasty change,therefore guaranteed the continuous development of Chinese civilization to this day,as well as providing historical references for contemporary state governance.