型号·镜像·拟像——后人类主义视阈下《克拉拉与太阳》中的人机关系研究

Model,mirror image and simulacra A posthuman analysis of human-machine relationship in Klara and the Sun

普世伦理与问题始终为石黑一雄“国际性写作”中的核心话题。在人工智能、生物科学不断改变个体生命形态、群体日常生活以及人类社会组织结构的时代,《克拉拉与太阳》应时探讨、反思人机共生共在的境况。透过科幻故事的表象,本文拟探讨三个人机关系议题:首先,从型号与姓名之争揭露传统主客人机关系的裂隙;其次,通过人工智能机器人的情感模仿与再创造中展现克拉拉从机器到后人类的历时发展,映射出当代模糊的人机临界状况;最后,自克拉拉从人类的“镜像”到“拟像”的转变可窥见“铭写/归并”碾压传统“在场缺席”的二元关系,以此指向逆向、相向后人类化的人类机器化与机器人性化历程。此三个层次的思考对于探索人类本质与人机伦理做出了跨时、立体的尝试。

Universal issues have evermore been the core concern in Kazuo Ishiguro’s“international writing”.In an era when artificial intelligence and biological sciences are recasting individual existence,group living and social organization,Klara and the Sun seasonably delineated and examined the manmachine symbiosis phenomenon.Zeroing in the getting along process between the protagonist Klara and human beings,the article firstly exposed the rifts in the traditional subject-object human-machine relationship through their appellation disputation on“model”.In addition,the affection imitation and recreation of Klara reflected artificial intelligent robots’diachronic development from machine to posthuman,which bespeak the fuzzy human-machine demarcation.Thirdly,the mirror images’switching over to simulacra unveiled“inscription/incorporation”swapping for“presence/absence”binary opposition so that humanizing machines meet mechanizing humans on their way towards posthuman.The three arguments dedicated to diachronous and dimensional probes of the human nature and human-machine relationship.