民族与边疆:国共两党和苏联关于边疆民族问题的分歧与博弈(1917—1928)

Ethnicity and the Frontiers:Disparities between Kuomintang,CPC,and the Soviet Union with regard to Ethnic Issues in Border Regions,1917-1928

20世纪20年代,为维护苏联地缘利益,助力共产主义运动,共产国际致力于国共两党的布尔什维克化。力图将革命推向边疆的民族主义政党——国民党,对边疆地区民族属性的认识较为淡薄,故无意接受苏联民族理论。国民党之民族主义是以汉族为核心的“大中华民族”对帝国主义自决的政治主张。国民党致力于建立基于少数民族同化于汉族基础上的“大中华民族国家”。相比之下,中国共产党对边疆地区的民族属性更为敏感。无产阶级政党之民族主义,既主张中华民族(中国境内所有民族)对帝国主义自决,又主张汉族工农与少数民族“劳苦群众”对汉族军阀与少数民族上层势力自决。中共主张建立以无产者为主导的独立、统一的平民国家。国共两党在民族主义上各执一端,既反映了两党关于国家统一路径与国家形态的不同认知,又呈现出两党对重塑“大一统”政治格局的共同追求。

In the 1920,in order to safeguard the geopolitical interests of the Soviet Union and enhance the communist movement,the Comintern devoted itself to the Bolshevization of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China.The Kuomintang,the nationalist party that sought to push revolution to the frontiers,had a relatively weak understanding of the“national attributes”of the frontier regions,so it had no intention of accepting the Soviet theory of nationalities.The nationalism of the Kuomintang is the political proposition of upholding the selfdetermination of the“Great Chinese Nation”,with the Han ethnic group as the core,against imperialism.The Kuomintang was committed to the establishment of a“great Chinese national state”based on the assimilation of the ethnic minorities into the Han Chinese.In contrast,the CPC is more sensitive to the“ethnic attributes”of the border areas.The nationalism of the proletarian party advocates the self-determination of the Chinese nation(all ethnic groups in China included)against imperialism,and the self-determination of the Han workers and peasants and the“toiling masses”of the ethnic minorities against the Han warlords and the upper echelons of the ethnic minorities.The CPC advocates the establishment of an independent and unified“commoners state”dominated by the proletarians.The fact that KMT and the CPC have diametrically opposite approaches to nationalism reflects their different perceptions on the path towards national unification and state formation on the one hand,and their common pursuit of a reshaped political pattern of“great unification”on the other.