地下水污染与中国古代都城的迁移

The Relationship Between Groundwater Pollution and the Migration of Ancient Chinese Capitals

中国古代王朝、政权都城频繁迁移的原因一直没有很好的解释,自然、政治、军事、经济、文化等外在因素都不构成都城迁移的内生动力。选择水源丰沛的“水地”是古代建都的基本要求。由于古代城市居民饮水主要靠凿井获取浅层地下水,而人畜粪便、生活污水、垃圾、人畜尸体、圮毁建筑等日常污染物严重污染了地下水,给中国古代城市居民带来了持久性伤害,北方的西安、洛阳、北京等著名古都及其他城邑基本如此。为此,先民靠开凿新井、城外挑运、城外引水等方式来缓解地下水污染所造成的饮水困难,而弃城迁移是中国古代城市无法解决饮水困难后的最终选择。古代都城在一地持续时间的长短,与该地水资源的丰富程度和地下水水质状况密切相关。地下水污染是造成中国古代都城频繁迁移的内生动力,中国古代都城及城邑大多因地下水污染而完成其由盛转衰的生命周期。

There is no scientific explanation for the frequent migration of ancient Chinese dynasties’capitals.Natural,political,military,economic,cultural and other factors do not constitute the endogenous power of capital migration.Choosing the right“Waterland”is the basic requirement of ancient capital construction.Waterland refers to a place with abundant water resources.Because the drinking water of city residents mainly depends on drilling wells to obtain shallow groundwater,groundwater pollution has become an eternal nightmare of ancient Chinese capitals,including Xi’an,Luoyang,Beijing and other famous ancient capitals in the northern China.The daily pollutants in the groundwater of ancient cities in China mainly include excrement of human and animal,domestic sewage and all kinds of garbage.Carcasses of human and animal and destroyed buildings are also the sources of pollution.The ancients solved the problem of drinking water by digging new wells,and transporting water and diverting water into the city.However,it was a forced choice for the ancient Chinese capital to abandon the city and move to another place.The duration of the ancient capital is closely related to the richness of water resources and water quality.Groundwater pollution is an endogenous power for the frequent migration of ancient Chinese capitals.Most of the ancient capitals and cities of China completed their life cycles from prosperity to decline due to groundwater pollution.