基于技能的异质性劳动理论的政治经济学审视:从人力资本、复杂劳动到组织整合

A Political Economy Review of Skill-Based Heterogeneous Labor Theory:From Human Capital,Complex Labor to Organizational Integration

技能是产业升级的关键,我国产业升级需要一个基于技能的异质性劳动理论作为指导。本文从技能-产业关系视角对新古典经济学的人力资本理论、马克思主义政治经济学的复杂劳动理论和演化经济学的组织整合理论等三种代表性技能理论进行了系统性的审视。研究发现,新古典经济学的人力资本理论提供了一些重要的典型事实,但在理论框架和内在逻辑上存在重大的理论缺陷。马克思主义政治经济学的复杂劳动理论揭示了资本主义生产关系的结构约束导致劳动力走向技能耗散的因果机制,但复杂劳动向简单劳动还原的定量技术研究路径遮蔽了马克思复杂劳动理论蕴含的异质性劳动互动、协作思想。人力资本理论和传统的复杂劳动理论都不能从根本上充分解释技术革新和生产组织更新导致的异质性劳动之间的互动与技能代谢问题,而演化经济学的组织整合理论则对这个问题提供了深刻的洞见。本文还从历史资本主义角度,结合马克思的复杂劳动理论和集体生产力思想,对不同历史阶段的技术革新和生产组织迭代及其导致的技能代谢进行了动态分析和政治经济学解释。本文的研究表明,把马克思的复杂劳动理论、集体生产力思想和演化经济学的组织整合理论进行综合,是发展马克思主义异质性劳动理论的一个有前景的方向。本文的研究结果还对我国产业升级具有重要的政策启示意义,与高质量发展相适应的产业升级需要传统产业与高新技术产业协同发展,其技能体系基础是具有不同技能层次的异质性劳动之间互动产生的组织学习。

Skills are crucial for industrial upgrading,and China's industrial upgrading requires a heterogeneous labor theory based on skills as guidance.This paper systematically reviews three representative skill theories from the perspective of skillindustry relations:the human capital theory of neoclassical economics,the complex labor theory of Marxist political economy,and the organizational integration theory of evolutionary economics.The study finds that while the human capital theory of neoclassical economics provides some important empirical insights,it has significant theoretical flaws in its framework and internal logic.The complex labor theory of Marxist political economy reveals how the structural constraints of capitalist production relations lead to labor skill dissipation.However,the quantitative research path of reducing complex labor to simple labor obscures the interaction and collaboration among heterogeneous labor inherent in Marx's complex labor theory.Neither the human capital theory nor the traditional complex labor theory can fundamentally and adequately explain the interaction and skill metabolism among heterogeneous labor resulting from technological innovation and production organization renewal.In contrast,the organizational integration theory of evolutionary economics offers profound insights into this issue.Additionally,from the perspective of historical capitalism,this paper combines Marx's complex labor theory with the idea of collective productivity to conduct a dynamic analysis and political-economic explanation of the skill metabolism caused by technological innovations and production organization iterations across different historical stages.The study suggests that integrating Marx's complex labor theory,the idea of collective productivity,and the organizational integration theory of evolutionary economics is a promising direction for developing a Marxist theory of heterogeneous labor.The findings also have significant policy implications for China's industrial upgrading.Achieving industrial upgrading that aligns with high-quality development requires tthhe coordinated development of traditional and high-tech industries,based on organizational learning generated through the interaction of heterogeneous labor with different skill levels.