农垦国有农场农业生产经营管理体制:集中还是分散?

Agricultural Production and Operation Management System of State-owned Farms:Centralized or Decentralized?

基于农垦国有农场的基本特征,文章回顾了国有农场农业生产经营管理体制演变轨迹,分析了高度集中统一经营、公司制集中统一经营、双层经营体制的利弊和土地承包租赁户对公司制集中统一经营的意愿。农垦国有农场的基本特征决定了其农业生产经营管理体制有其自身特点并呈现多样性和复杂性;公司制集中统一经营和双层经营会长期共存,并分别适宜于不同国有农场;双层经营体制与农业适度规模经营和现代农业并不矛盾,可通过国有农场服务规模化实现农业适度规模经营;国有农场农业统一经营服务管理水平既与种植结构有关,也与农场农业经营管理型人才有关;职工家庭农场(经营)会演变为家庭农场(经营),家庭农场和公司农场的农业生产经营都存在规模适度问题;国有农场要回归单一企业属性,建立经营管理型人才选聘、考核和薪酬分配制度;与双层经营体制有关的承包租赁主体、承包租赁费调整机制等问题需要进一步规范;双层经营体制转换为公司制集中统一经营体制至少需要具备非农就业机会多、农场经济实力强和农业生产经营管理水平高等三个条件。因此,应全面启动国有农场企业化和公司化改革、规范职工家庭承包租赁制度、加强双层经营体制转换为公司制集中统一经营体制指导。

This article analyzes the basic characteristics of state-owned agricultural farms,reviews the evolution path of the agricul⁃tural production and management system of state-owned farms,and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of highly central⁃ized management,company-centralized management and dual level management system,as well as the willingness of land contract⁃ing and leasing households to adopt company-centralized management.The article concludes that the basic characteristics of state owned agricultural farms determine that their agricultural production and management system has its own characteristics and pres⁃ents diversity and complexity.The company-centralized operation and the dual level operation are to coexist for a long time and ca⁃ter for different state-owned farms;the dual management system is not contradictory to moderate sized agricultural management and modern agriculture,and can be achieved through the large-scale service of state-owned farms;the level of centralized agricul⁃tural management and service management in state-owned farms is related not only to the crop planting structure,but also to the talents in farm agricultural management;employer family farms(management)will evolve into family farms(management),and both family farms and company farms face the issues of moderate size in agricultural production and operation;state owned farms should keep its enterprise nature and establish a system for selecting,assessing,and salary distributing for managerial talents;further stan⁃dardization is needed for issues related to the dual management system,such as the contracting and leasing entities and the mecha⁃nism for adjusting contracting and leasing fees;the transformation from a dual management system to a centralized company system requires at least three conditions:enough non-agricultural employment opportunities,strong farm economic strength,and high level of agricultural production and management.At the end of the article,five policy recommendations are proposed,including compre⁃hensively launching the reform of state-owned farm enterprise and corporatization,standardizing the household contract leasing sys⁃tem for employees,and strengthening the transformation of the dual management system into a centralized management guidance of the company system.