超验与世俗:马克思宗教批判理论的内在张力

Transcendence and Secularism:The Inner Power in Marx's Religious Criticism Theory

马克思的宗教批判思想蕴含着超验性与世俗性的内在张力。对思辨哲学的批判、对政治国家的批判、对市民社会的批判,以及对生产方式的批判等不同时期的宗教批判思想既是马克思消解超验性与世俗性张力的理论武器,又是马克思对德国政治现实进行扬弃所取得的成果总结。马克思出于“国家-市民社会”的关系的经验性诉求,把人的本质二分为抽象与现实并赋予实践,使宗教的终极归宿在人的社会生产实践中自我绽开,完成了历史唯物主义对科学无神论的实践架构。马克思的宗教批判是一个动态的历史过程,经历了从现象到本质、从天国到尘世的日益深刻的追问和日益彻底的反思。

Marx's religious criticism contains the inner tension between transcendence and secularity.The criticism of religion in different periods,such as the criticism of speculative philosophy,the criticism of political state,the criticism of civil society,and the criticism of the mode of production,is not only the theoretical weapon of Eliminating the tension of transcendentality and secularity,but also the summary of the achievement of Sublating the German political reality.Marx,out of the empirical appeal of the relationship between the state and the civil society,divided the essence of man into abstraction and reality and endowed it with practice,so that the ultimate destination of religion would expand itself in the social production practice of man,and completed the practical framework of historical materialism versus scientific atheism.Marx's religious criticism is a dynamic historical process,which is undergoing increasingly profound questioning and thorough reflection from phenomenon to essence,from heaven to earth.