核酸适体的筛选及其在养殖动物病原检测中的应用进展

Screening of aptamers and their application progress in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in cultured animals

动物疫病的暴发不仅造成了巨大损失,也严重阻碍着人工养殖业的健康可持续发展,因此亟须针对疫病病原开发快速检测技术和病原防控技术来预防病害的暴发。核酸适体(aptamer)是针对特定靶标,利用指数富集配基系统进化技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)筛选得到具有高亲和力和高特异性的功能性单链寡核苷酸。本文结合国内外研究,阐述了核酸适体的优势以及其在人工养殖动物病原微生物防控中的研究进展,同时重点讨论了核酸适体在应用方面的5种挑战,(1)核酸适体筛选技术的局限性;(2)核酸适体在治疗方面缺乏稳定性与安全性;(3)核酸适体在生物体内如何持续性发挥靶向治疗作用;(4)核酸适体在活体实验中的精确性有待提高;(5)核酸适体与其他检测方法能否串联,从而构建全面性的检测平台。目前核酸适体针对养殖动物病原领域的研究只是刚刚起步,在快速检测与靶向治疗方面具有广阔的应用前景。

The outbreak of pathogens has not only caused huge losses,but also seriously hindered the healthy and sustainable development of the artificial breeding industry.Therefore,it is urgent to develop rapid detection technology and pathogen prevention and control technology for pathogens to prevent the outbreak of diseases.Aptamer is the functional single-stranded oligonucleotide with high affinity and specificity for specific targets and screening by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment(SELEX).Based on domestic and foreign research,this paper described the advantages of aptamers and their research progress in the prevention and control of pathogenic microorganisms in farmed animals,and focused on five challenges in the application of aptamers.(1)The limitations of aptamer screening technology.(2)The lack of stability and safety of aptamers in therapeutic applications.(3)The sustainability of aptamers in organisms with targeted therapeutic effects.(4)The need to improve the accuracy of aptamers in vivo experiments.(5)The possibility of cascading aptamers with other assays to build a comprehensive testing platform.At present,the research of aptamers on cultured animal pathogens has just started,and it has broad application prospects in rapid detection and targeted therapy.