马克思的“现代”观及其当代意义

Marx’s“Modern”View and its Contemporary Significance

在马克思的文本中,“现代”一词频繁出现,形成了区别于西方现代性理论的“现代”观。对“现代社会”的理解,构成了解读马克思“现代”观的核心线索,马克思所言的“现代社会”特指资本主义社会。通过对“现代生产力”“现代生产关系”“普遍交往”“现代阶级”“现代化”等概念的阐发,马克思全方位剖析了“现代社会”。扎根于历史唯物主义视域,马克思的“现代”观包含多重维度。“现代”植根于资本逻辑之中、孕育于社会矛盾之中、行进于历史流变之中、呈现于文明视域之中,构成了马克思“现代”观的基本理论空间。相较于西方现代性理论作为资本主义社会的意识形态而出现,马克思的“现代”观是更为根基性与建设性的批判。通过揭示“物质的生活关系”与批判资本主义生产方式,马克思阐明了超越“现代社会”的根本路径,为中国式现代化道路的实践探索提供了理论启示。

The word“modern”appears frequently in Marx’s texts,forming a view of“modern”view that distinguishes it from western modernity theory.Understanding“modern society”constitutes a core clue to interpret Marx’s“modern”view.The“modern society”mentioned by Marx refers specifically to capitalist society.Through elucidating concepts such as“modern productivity”“modern production relations”“universal communication”“modern class”and“modernization”,Marx made a comprehensive analysis of“modern society”.Based on the realm of historical materialism,Marx’s“modern”view contains multiple dimensions.“Modern”was rooted in the logic of capital,nurtured in the social contradictions,progressing through historical transformations,and presented in the vision of civilization,which constitutes the basic theoretical space of Marx’s“modern”view.Compared with the western modernity theory as the ideology of capitalist society,Marx’s“modern”view reflects a more fundamental and constructive criticism.By revealing the“material conditions of life”and criticizing the capitalist production mode,Marx clarified the fundamental path beyond“modern society”,and provided theoretical insights for the practical exploration of the path of Chinese modernization.