“八大圣人”与清代秋审处

"Eight Great Saints"and Double Dynamic of the Autumn Trial Office in the Qing Dynasty

清代秋审处设立于雍正十三年,最初只是一个掌案牍的服务机构,负责为刑部印刷分送秋审册。乾隆七年起,转型为核定秋审实缓的专业审判机构。乾隆朝后期至嘉庆、道光朝,秋审处专业性进一步加强,出现坐办常任化现象,也涌现了不少专家坐办。咸丰朝以后,由于律例馆修例职能的空壳化,秋审处坐办与律例馆提调出现兼任化现象,谋求“京察一等”而到秋审处混经历者亦不乏人。其动态演变具有双重结构,一是因时而变,二是叠加共振。皇权体制的固有属性和疑案审判的自发需求,决定了清代秋审处既有专业化和精英化的面向,也有非制度化和因时而变的面向。律例馆与秋审处之间也因职能消长而发生共振,律例馆职能空壳化使提调参与秋审形成了“八大圣人”结构。

The history Autumn Trial Office of the Qing Dynasty is a dynamic history of development and evolution.Yongzheng thirteen years when established,the Autumn Trial Office is a responsible for the Autumn Trial of the paperwork service,for the Ministry of Justice in the Autumn Trial of the printing and distribution of the Autumn Trial Document.Since the seventh year of the Qianlong period,the Autumn Trial Office became to professional trial structure of the case of death-suspended and death-immediate.In the late Qianlong period,the professionalism of the Autumn Trial Office was further strengthened,with the emergence of the permanent officer and a number of expert officer.During Jiaqing and Daoguang period,due to the law museum codification function of the shell,the Autumn Trial Ofice and the Lvli Office transfer to the phenomenon of part-time,at the same time,many officer and not expert but seeking career preferences.The inherent attributes of the imperial system and the professional needs of the trial of doubtful cases,determines the Autumn Trial Office of the institutional evolution process is full of complexity and differences,both professional and elitist orientation,but also anti-professionalism and change in response to the times of the orientation,worthy of in-depth study.