孔子思想的先世渊源考论

A Study on the Ancestral Origin of Confucius’Thought

春秋晚期是世族衰落但仍占主导地位的时代,作为殷商王室、宋国公室后代的孔子,信而好古,其所好之古,理应包括源远流长的家族历史。梳理孔子的祖先世系,探究孔子思想与其先世之间的具体关联,可以发现,孔子家族由王室而诸侯而公卿而士族的衰变过程,对孔子思想影响很大,其中远祖微子启、十世祖弗父何、七世祖正考父、父亲叔梁纥,影响最著,特别是对孔子的一些重要观念,包括“隐”“让”“恭”“勇”的形成,起了直接或间接的塑造作用。这些观念是孔子思想中颇富特色和个性的内容,以往的研究者于此着墨甚少。今之所论,有助于人们了解孔子思想的多种来源和多重面向,更全面地认识孔子思想的本来面貌。

The late Spring and Autumn Period was an era when aristocratic families were declining but remained dominant.As a descendant from the royal family of the Shang Dynasty(殷商)and from the duke family of the Song State(宋国),Confucius had a belief in and a love for antiquity.The antiquity he loved should have contained his long-standing genealogical traditions.By sorting out Confucius’ancestral lineage,this essay explores the specific connection between his thought and his ancestors,arguing that the words and deeds of his ancestors,including his distant ancestor Weizi Qi(微子启),his tenth-generation ancestor Fufu He(弗父何),his seventh-generation ancestor Zhengkao Fu(正考父),and his father Shuliang He(叔梁纥),produced great influence upon him,and especially played a direct or indirect role in the formation of some of his important concepts,like concealment(隐),complaisance(让),courtesy(恭),and courage(勇).The above new findings reveal multiple origins and various aspects of Confucius’philosophy,and deepen the understanding of the true features of Confucius’thought.