论网络在线提取电子数据的性质

On the Nature of Online Retrieval of Electronic Data

随着信息技术的发展,网络在线提取远程电子数据已成为侦查机关的重要取证方式。现行规范性文件将网络在线提取电子数据定位为一种新型任意侦查措施,然而通过对网络在线提取电子数据的实务运行样态进行考察可以发现,网络在线提取电子数据不完全符合任意侦查措施的特点。究其根源是类比错误导致性质界定不准,重视电子数据的真实性而忽视权利保障,规范性文件的效力不足难以突破法律,机械对比既有侦查措施性质造成表面不符。网络在线提取电子数据应区分不同的情形进行性质界定:提取网络公开的电子数据是任意侦查措施,参照提取程序规范即可;侦查人员隐匿其真实身份,通过注册账号进入涉嫌犯罪的网络空间提取实施犯罪活动的动态电子数据,本质上是网络空间的隐匿身份侦查,应按照隐匿身份侦查的规范要求进行;提取私密空间的动态电子数据是技术侦查措施,应根据技术侦查程序实施;提取远程“涉及隐私权的非公开电子数据”是强制侦查措施,本质上是针对虚拟空间的搜查行为,应按照搜查的标准来设置程序规范。

With the development of information technology,the online retrieval of remote electronic data has become an important method for investigative agencies to collect evidence.In the current normative documents,the online retrieval of electronic data is positioned as a new type of arbitrary investigative measure.However,study of its actual operation has found that the online retrieval of electronic data does not fully comply with the characteristics of arbitrary investigative measures.The root cause is its inaccurately defined nature due to analogy errors,an emphasis on the authenticity of electronic data at the cost of rights protection,insufficient effectiveness of normative documents to break through the boundaries of law,and superficial inconsistency found in the mechanical comparison with the nature of existing investigative measures causes.The nature of electronic data retrieved online should be defined according to different circumstances.The retrieval of electronic data disclosed on the Internet is an arbitrary investigative measure,and following procedural specifications should be sufficient.When investigators conceal their true identities and enter the cyberspace of the suspected crime through a registered account to extract dynamic electronic data for criminal activities,it is essentially a covert investigation in cyberspace,and they should follow the normative requirements for covert investigations.The retrieval of dynamic electronic data from private spaces is a technical investigative measure and should be implemented in accordance with the technical investigative procedures.Retrieval of remote“non-public electronic data involving privacy”is a mandatory investigative measure,and is essentially a search in the virtual space.Therefore,procedural specifications should be set in accordance with the standards of searching.