“虚”“拟”与“虚拟”之比较:两种艺术观

A Comparative Study of"Xu,""Ni,"and"Xuni":Tiwo Perspectives on Art

在中西美学和艺术语境中,“虚拟”(fiction)均属于摹仿思想的衍生问题。在中国古代,虽有“虚拟”一词,但“虚”“拟”本身为两个相互关联而又彼此独立的词语。除《周易》和老庄哲学之奠基外,中国美学和艺术“虚实相生”“以虚求真”的思想观念还可能来自更为古老而久远的圣山崇拜。“虚”不是虚假存在,而是充满神性的真实空间,这是中国艺术由实入虚、借虚境以达真理的根本所在。“拟”也不是带有否定意义的虚构或虚拟,而是一种通过拟与万物之理、宇宙之道相契合的创造行为。在西方,柏拉图和亚里士多德关于诗(艺术)与真理关系的不同论述形成两种不同的虚拟观和艺术真理观,直到歌德时期,虚拟才获得正面积极的意义和价值被固定下来。中西虚拟观的比较,可为我们全面、深入认识中西艺术和美学观念的异同提供启示。

In both Chinese and Western aesthetics and art contexts,the concept of“fiction”is derived from the idea of imitation.In ancient China,although the term“fiction”(xuni)existed,"xu"(the imaginary)and“ni”(imitation)were two related yet independent concepts.In the West,Plato's and Aristotle's various discourses on the relationship between poetry(art)and truth es-tablished two distinct views of fiction and artistic truth.It was not until Goethe's period when the"fictional"was positively affirmed and valued.The comparison of Chinese and Western per-spectives on"runi provides insights into the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western concepts of art and aesthetics in a comprehensive and in-depth manner.