探微与复归:不朽的科学教育学奠基之作——赫尔巴特《普通教育学》的教育思想与当代价值

Exploration and Return:The Monumental Foundational Work of Scientific Pedagogy——The Education Thought and Contemporary Significance of Allgemeine Padagogik by Herbart

《普通教育学》集中论述了赫尔巴特的教育思想与教学理论,批判了当时束缚人性的封建教育,对后世教育的发展产生了深远影响。赫尔巴特在书中重点阐述了教育目的、理论基础等基点问题,尝试从心理学和伦理学建构起教育学的规范体系,为教育学的科学化发展奠定了坚实基础。《普通教育学》不仅提出了学生观、教师观和教材观等关键要素的先进思想,而且阐明了教学论、兴趣论和德育论等核心目标的基本原则,是一部不朽的科学教育学奠基之作。尽管因时代和阶级等限制而存在科学性不足、缺少教育环境的视野、机械划分教学过程和忽视学生个体差异等理论局限,但其凝练的精华思想在落实立德树人任务、深化课程思政功能、发展学生个体兴趣和发挥教育惩戒力量等方面具有重要的当代价值。

J.F.Herbart presented his educational ideas and teaching theories in Allgemeine Padagogik.He criticized feudal education that restrained human nature at the time.His educational ideas and teaching theories exerted a profound influence on the subsequent development of education.In this work,Herbart primarily addressed fundamental issues such as educational purposes and theoretical foundations.He attempted to construct a normative system of pedagogy based on psychology and ethics.He laid a solid foundation for the scientific development of pedagogy.His work not only proposed some advanced ideas on key elements,such as insightful views on students,teachers,and textbooks,but clarified some basic principles for the core objectives,like teaching,interests,and moral education.Accordingly,it became a monumental foundational work in scientific pedagogy.In spite of some limitations like inadequate scientificity and horizon of teaching environment,mechanical classification of teaching process,and neglect of students’individuality due to his time and class,the thought in this book is of great value to cultivate students’virtue,deepen the functions of courses’ideology,develop students’interests and play the role of education’s punishment.