反向遗传学技术在动物RNA病毒研究中的应用进展

Application advance in reverse genetics on the study of animal RNA viruses

反向遗传学操作系统的出现为RNA病毒在体外研究提供了一种重要的技术方法,使在精确位置对病毒基因组进行修饰成为可能。病毒的反向遗传系统通常构建在高拷贝数或低拷贝数的质粒中,通过对基因进行改造或插入外源基因等操作实现对病毒改造的目的,被广泛应用于RNA病毒研究的各个领域,从毒力基因到抗病毒筛选和疫苗开发,为研究病毒蛋白的结构与功能、解析其感染致病机制、新型疫苗构建等提供技术平台。本文就反向遗传操作系统的构建方法、面临的问题和解决思路及在动物RNA病毒中的实际应用进行了综述,为新发和再发动物疫病筛选新型药物靶点、新的基因功能挖掘提供技术支撑。

The emergence of reverse genetic engineering systems provides an important technical approach for research on RNA viruses in vitro,enabling precise modification of virus genomes.Viral reverse genetic systems are usually constructed into high-copy number or low-copy number plasmids,through genetic modifications or the insertion of foreign genes to achieve the purpose of virus modification,which is widely applied in various fields of RNA virus research,including the study of viral protein structure and function,the analysis of its pathogenic mechanism,and the development of new vaccines,providing a technical platform for research on new drugs and virus screening.This article reviews the construction method of reverse genetic systems,the challenges and solutions,and the practical applications in animals with recurrent animal diseases,providing a technical support for new and recurrent disease diagnosis and drug targeting.