耕作方式对旱作区麦-玉轮作体系小麦产量、氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

Effects of tillage methods on wheat yield,N utilization and soil nitrate-N residue in dryland wheat-maize rotation system

为筛选适合黄河中游旱作区麦-玉轮作体系小麦生产的耕作方式,2019年10月至2022年6月在洛阳市小浪底镇进行定位试验,设置深松(SS)、翻耕(PT)和旋耕(RT)3种耕作方式,研究了小麦产量特性,氮素积累分配转运特性及利用效率和0~200cm土层硝态氮残留量.3年中SS较RT和PT显著提高了产量、穗数和穗粒数,但降低了千粒质量.PT较RT提高产量和穗数,但对穗粒数和千粒质量的影响存在年际差异.SS不仅增加了越冬至成熟期各时期的地上部氮素积累量,而且可提高花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,最终使蛋白质产量较RT和PT分别提高17.90%~23.56%和7.92%~12.98%,氮肥偏生产力提高5.63%~15.89%和3.09%~11.00%,成熟期0~200cm土壤硝态氮残留量显著降低7.39%~21.24%和4.76%~23.04%.综上,SS不仅能提高小麦产量,而且能促进氮素积累、转运和利用,降低土壤硝态氮残留量,是黄河中游旱作麦-玉轮作区实现小麦高产高效和环境友好的耕作方式.

In order to clarify the suitable tillage method for wheat production in wheat-maize rotation system in dryland of the midstream of Yellow River,a three-year experiment with three tillage methods,including rotary tillage(RT),subsoiling(SS),and plowing tillage(PT)was conducted at Xiaolangdi Town,Luoyang City from October 2019 to June 2022.The yield,and aboveground nitrogen(N)accumulation,distribution,transportation,and N utilization efficiency in wheat,and nitrate-N residue in the 0-200 cm soil layer were investigated.Over three years,compared with RT and PT,SS significantly increased wheat yield,number of spikes,and grains per spike but it decreased the 1000-grain weight.Compared with RT,PT increased wheat yield and number of spikes,but the effects on 1000-grain weight and grains per spike varied among years.Compared with RT and PT,SS not only increased the N accumulation in aboveground parts at various growth stages from overwintering to maturity stage of wheat,but also increased the pre-anthesis N transportation and its contribution to grains,thus ultimately significantly increased grain protein yield by 17.90%-23.56%and 7.92%-12.98%,the partial factor productivity for N fertilizer by 5.63%-15.89%and 3.09%-11.00%,however,it reduced the nitrate-N residue in the 0-200 cm soil layer by 7.39%-21.24%and 4.76%-23.04%,respectively.In summary,SS should be adopted as a suitable tillage method for simultaneously realizing high yield,high efficiency,and environment-friendly in wheat-maize rotation system in dryland of the midstream of Yellow River because it not only increased wheat yield,promoted the characteristics of aboveground N accumulation,transportation,and utilization parts,but also reduced soil nitrate-N residue.