地缘政治转向:中美竞争时代的国际制度

Geopolitical Shift:International Institutions in the Era of Sino-U.S.Competition

国际制度塑造地缘政治认同,改变地缘政治空间。近年来,国际制度出现了地缘政治转向,成为大国追求地缘政治抱负无法忽视的新领域。一方面,传统地缘政治在多边主义时代没有消亡,影响力反而不断增强;另一方面,基于地理条件的大国竞争逻辑在发生改变,国际制度正在构建一种基于地缘政治的新的运作模式。然而,这一地缘政治逻辑长期以来未受到应有关注。事实上,国际制度具有清晰的地缘政治逻辑,通过“成员-地理-权力”的框架将成员政治、地理政治与权力政治相关联,把地缘政治与国际制度相结合,可以分析国际制度层面地缘政治的运行逻辑。总体上,国家通过成员资格竞争、地理环境竞争,推动权力政治竞争,尤其是大国可以通过国际制度确立地缘政治优势,形成新的权力格局。在中美竞争背景下,大国间围绕重要成员和关键地区展开了激烈的地缘政治争夺,以获取地缘政治优势。对于中国而言,加强国际制度合作可以减轻因地缘政治紧张带来的压力,是应对地缘政治博弈的有效路径。

International institutions can shape geopolitical identities and transform geopolitical spaces.In recent years,geopolitical dynamics have shifted vis-a-vis international institutions,and they have become a key arena in which major powers assert their geopolitical ambitions.On one hand,traditional geopolitics has not only failed to disappear in the era of multilateralism,rather its influence continues to grow;on the other hand,the geographical features of the logic of major power competition have changed,and international institutions are increasingly constructed around models rooted in geopolitical realities.While so,this geopolitical logic has long been overlooked.The reality is that there is a clear geopolitical logic to international institutions which links member politics,geographical politics and power politics through what we describe as the"member-geographypower"framework.By combining geopolitics with international institutions,we can analyze the operational logic of geopolitics at the level of international institutions.Generally speaking,states compete in terms of political power through competition over membership criteria and geo-environment competition within the context of international institutions.Major powers can establish geopolitical advantage through the creation of international institutions which shape new power structures.Against the backdrop of USChina competition,major powers engage in fierce competition over key members and critical regions of international institutions to gain geopolitical advantages.For China,strengthening cooperation within international institutions can alleviate the pressures caused by geopolitical tensions and is an effective way to deal with geopolitical games.