利比亚战后政治重建进程中的“再部落化”问题探析

An Analysis of"Re-tribalization"in Libya's Post-war Political Reconstruction Process

部落主义是利比亚政治生活和社会生活中不可忽视的因素。卡扎菲当政时期,利比亚政治生态经历了从“去部落化”到倚重特定部落巩固统治权力的变化。2011年卡扎菲政权倒台后,该国启动国家重建的政治过渡进程。基于该国部落政治文化的历史遗产、部落参政的制度基础、部落和部落联盟已然嵌入利比亚的政治秩序的现实,以及少数部落群体寻求政治影响力的诉求,利比亚战后政治领域重现“再部落化”。当下,部落族群渐渐内聚为重要的政治性实体,其主要特征体现为:社会安全公共产品需求走向地方化和部落化;部落机会主义与国家分离主义合谋;部落尝试以独立的非国家行为体身份开展对外交往。“再部落化”使利比亚狭隘的地域型政治文化得以重现,加剧了本已恶化的国内安全形势、政治对抗及社会结构的碎裂使国家政治秩序运行失范,导致利比亚国家重建陷入困境。遇制与国家建构相悖的“再部落化”问题是利比亚战后重建和政治现代化发展中的长期挑战。

Tribalism is an important factor in Libya's political and social life.During Gaddafi's regime,Libya's political ecology has changed from"detribalization"to a reliance on specific tribes to consolidate authority.After the fall of Gaddafi in 2011,Libya launched a political transition process of national reconstruction,during which it experienced the"re-tribalization"phenomenon in the political field.The reasons for that include the historical legacy of political culture of tribalism,the system base of political participation of the tribes,the fact of tribes and tribal alliance's engagement in the political order building in Libya,and the tribal minorities'appeal for political influences.At present,the tribal groups have become important political entities,whose main characters are:the localization and tribalization of the needs for public goods in social security,the collusion of the tribal opportunism and state separatism,and tribe's attempt to carry out external exchanges as non-state actor.The worsening of the"re-tribalization"problem has aggravated Libya's domestic security situation,intensified political confrontation,and ultimately pushed the narrow regional political culture to re-emerge,leading to the country's reconstruction being trapped.Curbing the"re-tribalization"problem which is contrary to the nation-building is the long-term challenge of post-war reconstruction and political modernization development in Libya.