世界银行营商环境成熟度指标视野下破产程序中的担保权保护再审思

Reconsideration of the Protection of Security Rights in Bankruptcy Proceedings from the Perspective of the World Bank's Business Ready Indicators

破产的公平清偿同担保权的优先受偿存在冲突,如何在担保权与破产目标的相互影响中求得二者的平衡,是破产制度构建和完善中的一个重大挑战。世界银行营商环境成熟度指标对于完善我国破产程序中的担保权保护制度具有重要参考价值。担保权人应享有破产程序中重要决策的参与权以及相关信息的知情权,管理人或经管债务人应承担信息披露义务,担保权人的查阅权应有制度保障。法律应明确自动中止的异议救济规则,担保财产有损坏或者价值明显减少可能的处置应与重整需要相协调,担保权人申请处置非重整必需的担保财产变价的程序应当具有可操作性。重整计划批准时,必须保障异议债权人的利益,有必要引入审查程序和清算地板标准。劳动债权、环境债权虽具有一定的特殊性,但不应优先于担保权就担保财产受偿。在房地产开发企业破产场合,商品房消费者超级优先权适用条件应当明确界定并严格限制,避免对担保权的实现造成过大的不当冲击。

There is a conflict between the fair liquidation of bankruptcy and the priority of security rights,and it is a major challenge in the construction and improvement of the bankruptcy system to find a balance between security rights and the goals of bankruptcy in the interaction between the two.The World Bank's Business Ready Indicators have important reference value for improving the protection system of security rights in China's bankruptcy proceedings.Security right holders should enjoy the right to participate in important decisions in bankruptcy proceedings and the right to know relevant information.The administrator and debtors should undertake the obligation of information disclosure,and the right of access of security right holders should be guaranteed by the system.The law should clarify the rules for the relief of objections to the automatic stay,the disposal of secured property that is damaged or of significantly diminished value should be coordinated with the need for reorganization,and the procedure for security right holders to apply for the disposal of the unnecessary secured property for reorganization should be operable.When a reorganization plan is approved,the interests of dissenting creditors must be safeguarded,and it is necessary to introduce review procedures and liquidation floor principle.Although labor and environmental claims have certain special characteristics,they should not be paid in priority to security rights over secured property.In the case of bankruptcy of real estate enterprises,the conditions applicable to the super-priority of consumers of commercial properties should be clearly defined and strictly limited,so as to avoid excessive and undue impact on the realization of security rights.