汉唐丞佐之异及其演化

The Differences and Evolution of the Chiefs and Assistants in the Han and Tang Dynasties

汉代丞佐主要分管长官属下的具体事务,其总署曹事之职因权位与长官相去悬远而难落实,无法对长官形成切实制衡。唐代丞佐则已与后世的副职相仿,正、副之间权位已甚接近,正职虽负主要责任,却必须与副职协同行事,连署公文,并可各自申奏请裁。汉、唐丞佐异多于同的状态,反映了先秦、秦汉至隋唐相关建制和辅佐方式的深刻变迁,蕴有大一统王朝建立及其行政体制递嬗转折的丰富内涵,体现了公卿体制到省部体制的不同行政重心、管理方式和运行态势。这也表明今人习见的行政秩序皆经长期发育演化而成,切忌把后世的行政状态想当然地套在秦汉头上。

In the Han Dynasty,Chengzuo was mainly in charge of the specific affairs of the chief's subordinates.His position as the general manager was difficult to implement because his power and position were far away from the chief's,and he was therefore unable to form effective checks and balances on the chief.Chengzuo in the Tang Dynasty was similar to the deputies in later generations.The power positions between the chief and the deputy were very close.Although the chief had the main responsibilities,he had to act in coordination with the deputies,co-sign official documents,and could petition for dismissal separately.The status of Chengzuo of the Han and Tang Dynasties is more different than the same,which reflects the profound changes in the relevant institutions and assistance methods from the pre-Qin,Qin and Han to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.It contains the rich connotation of the establishment of a unified dynasty and the evolution of its administrative system,and reflects the different administrative focuses,management methods and operating forms from the Gongqing system to the provincial department system.This also shows that the administrative order that people are accustomed to today has evolved over a long period of time.It is important not to take the administrative status of later generations for granted in the Qin and Han Dynasties.