灌区、沙碱与稻作:近代以来豫北黄卫之间土地生态变迁与民众生计适应

Irrigation District,Sand Alkali and Paddy Cultivation:Land Ecological Changes and People's Livelihood Adaptation Between the Yellow River and the Wei River in Northern Henan Since the Modern Times

清末民国时期,豫北黄卫之间的土地生态延续着之前业已存在的沙碱环境,并没有实质性改变,农民生计往往被动地依土地所产来维持。从清代卫辉府的不断扩大,可以看出豫北土地生态相似性使得各区域逐渐走向融合。直至新中国成立之初,黄河以北平原省的成立使得区域一体化达到顶峰,促使区域水利事业更为均质化的发展,修筑了开“引黄淤灌”之先河的人民胜利渠,与随之而来的原延封、红旗、韩董庄、祥符朱等大型灌区的修建,使更多的沙碱地转变为较为适宜农作生长的土地。但不合理的灌溉模式,也带来了区域土地生态次生盐碱化的灾害,很快区域民众就调整灌溉措施,使得土地盐碱化问题得到缓解。同时,这一土地改造过程中,豫北沿黄区域农作生态发生了明显的变化,特别突出的是黄河北岸“新稻区”的形成与发展,这也是区域民众在土地盐碱化被动形势下的一种“积极适应”。

From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republican period in China,the land ecology between the Yellow River and the Wei River in northern Henan continued the sand and alkali environment that had existed before,without any qualitative change.The farmers'livelihood was often passively maintained by the land production.From the continuous expansion of Weihui prefecture in the Qing Dynasty,it can be seen that the ecological similarity of land in northern Henan had gradually led to regional integration.Until the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China,the establishment of the Pingyuan province,north of the Yellow River,made regional integration reach its peak,and promoted the development of more homogeneous regional water conservancy.Pingyuan province's government built the Renmin Shengli Canal,which is the first river to“channeling the Yellow River to provide silt irrigation”,and the subsequent construction of large irrigation areas such as Yuanyanfeng,Hongqi,Handongzhuang,Xiangfuzhu,etc.,had turned more sandy and alkaline land into more suitable land for agricultural growth.However,the unreasonable irrigation mode had also brought about the disaster of secondary salinization of regional land ecology.Then,people in the region soon adjusted irrigation measures to alleviate the problem of land salinization.At the same time,in the process of land transformation,the agricultural ecology of the area along the Yellow River in northern Henan had also changed significantly,especially the formation and development of the“new rice area”on the north bank of the Yellow River.It is also a“positive adaptation”of the local people in the passive situation of land salinization.