刑事涉案财产来源说明规则体系的类型化表达

The Typological Expression of the Rule System for Explaining the Source of Property Involved in Criminal Cases

为依法应对刑事涉案财产证明困难的挑战,近年来的立法不断增设被追诉人说明涉案财产来源条款。然而,这些说明条款分布零散,要素不够明晰,要求不够统一。同时,受概念思维的消极影响,学术界在认识该类说明时,择一性、封闭性地将这种说明的法律性质理解为权利、义务、证明责任、法律推定等,但任何一种观点都没能达成广泛共识。根据类型学原理,“出罪类说明”属于附条件的证明责任,应当严格限制说明主体,明确说明对象、内容、标准,遵循定罪程序规则;“从宽类说明”属于有限制的特殊法律义务,应当相对限定说明对象,适当区分说明内容与标准,适用量刑程序规则;“违法所得类说明”属于特定场域的特殊法律权利,应当拓展说明主体与内容,细化说明标准,规范说明程序。

In order to cope with the challenges of difficulties in proving the property source in accordance with the law,the legislation in recent years has continuously added provisions on the source of the property involved in the prosecution.However,these explanatory clauses are scattered,the elements are not clear enough,and the requirements are not uniform enough.At the same time,due to the negative influence of conceptual thinking,the academic community interprets the legal nature of this kind of explanationas rights,obligations,burden of proof,legal presumption,etc.in an optional and closed way.However,no broad consensus has been reached on any of these views.Based on the principle of typology,the statement to exonerate belongs to the conditional burden of proof,which should strictly limit the subject of description,clearly state the object,content and standard,and follow the rules of conviction procedure.The Lenient description belongs to the special legal obligation with limitation.It should limit the object of description relatively,distinguish the content and standard of description appropriately,and apply the rules of sentencing procedure.The illegal income class description belongs to the special legal rights in the specific field,and should expand the main body and content of the description,refine the description standard and standardize the description procedure.