从“德”到“德友”:《庄子·德充符》中的伦常重建

From “Virtue” to “Virtuousness Friends”:Ethical Reconstruction in De Chong Fu of Zhuangzi

《德充符》之“至德”既有“虚”而不“实”的内在特征,亦有因“虚”而“实”的外在效应。这种外在效应有两种表现:一是常人以至德者为“师”,也即“以德为师”;二是常人因至德者而为“友”,也即“因德为友”(“德友”)。尽管“以德为师”更本源、更高妙,然而,王骀、伯昏无人、哀骀它等至德者在《德充符》中的隐身或退让却使得“因德为友”成为一条显在而具体的伦常重建之方。“因德为友”这种居于上位者的自我开悟,有助于弱化世俗伦常关系中等级结构与权力意志的规训与侵害,从而为人与人之间的互动、互化、互成奠定了对等的伦理基础。

The“ultimate virtue”in De Chong Fu has both the inherent characteristic of being“virtual”and not“real”,as well as the external effect of being“real”due to being“virtual”.There are two manifestations of this external effect:one is that ordinary people and even those with virtue are“teachers”,that is,“taking virtue as a teacher”.The second is that ordinary people become friends under the influence of people with the highest virtues,which is the so-called“Virtuousness Friends”.Although“taking virtue as a teacher”is more fundamental and sophisticated,the invisibility or retreat of virtuous individuals such as Wang Tai,Bo Hun,and Ai Tai in De Chong Fu makes“taking virtue as a friend”an obvious and concrete way of rebuilding ethics.The self enlightenment of“being friends with virtue”,which occupies a higher position,helps to weaken the discipline and infringement of the hierarchical structure and power will in secular ethical relationships,thus laying an equal ethical foundation for interaction,mutual transformation,and mutual formation between people.