《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》与马克思主义哲学体系问题

Theses on Feuerbach and the Issue about the System of Marxist Philosophy

关于马克思主义哲学体系问题的学术争论一直存在,若以本体论—认识论—历史哲学为体系框架,或可减少纷争。《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》前十条恰好回答了本体论、认识论和历史哲学的基本问题,呈现出一个新唯物主义哲学体系。然而,《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》第十一条却呈现出明显的反体系化哲学倾向,此倾向是现代哲学的普遍共识,其目的在于反对思辨形而上学,回归“现实的人”之“实际生活”。在这条回归之路上,走得最坚决、最遥远的无疑是马克思,马克思主义哲学最彻底地告别了体系化思辨哲学传统。《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》看似自相矛盾的体系化与反体系化倾向实则形成一种张力,意在提醒人们,建构哲学体系是必要的,但当体系走向教条僵化,遮蔽生活的真相时,就要勇于打破体系,恢复生活的真实面目。

The academic debate on the issue about the system of Marxist philosophy has always existed,and if ontolo-gy-epistemology-historical philosophy is used as the framework of the system,disputes may be reduced.The first ten arti-cles of Theses on Feuerbach precisely answer the fundamental issues of ontology,epistemology,and historical philosophy,presenting a new materialist philosophical system.However,Article 11 of the Theses on Feuerbach presents a clear anti-sys-tematic philosophical tendency,which is a universal consensus in modern philosophy,and its purpose is to oppose specula-tive metaphysics and return to the"real life"of"real individual".On this road of return,the man who goes most resolutely and farthest is undoubtedly Marx.Marxist philosophy has completely bid farewell to the tradition of systematic speculative philosophy.The seemingly paradoxical tendency of systematization and anti-systematization in the text actually forms a ten-sion,which is intended to remind us that it is necessary to construct a philosophical system,but when the system becomes dogmatic and rigid,covering the truth of life,we should have the courage to break the system and restore the true face of life.