我国刑事证明责任的法教义学分析

A Legal Doctrinal Analysis of Criminal Burden of Proof in China

学界对我国刑事证明责任的基本内涵以及被告人是否承担证明责任存在较大争议。我国刑事诉讼法第51条规定的“举证责任”包括提出证据的责任以及说服责任,隐含了结果证明责任,第200条则是结果证明责任在判决方式上的具体体现。“被告人有罪的事实”包括定罪量刑正反两面的实体事实。我国刑法及四要件犯罪构成体系决定了控方对犯罪构成事实承担举证责任,被告人不承担“积极抗辩事由”的证明责任。刑事法中的免证事实、巨额财产来源不明罪、主观推定等相关法律也未规定刑事证明责任倒置制度,被告人不承担证明责任。控方承担所有待证事实的证明责任,被告人不承担证明责任,符合对我国现行证据制度的系统解释。

There is a heated debate within the academic realm regarding the fundamental understanding of the burden of proof in China's Criminal Law and whether the responsibility lies with the defendant.Article 51 of China's Criminal Procedure Law defines"the burden of proof"as including the burden of presenting evidence and persuading,which implies the outcome of the burden of proof,which is in turn embodied in article 200 concerning the specific ways of judgment.The determination of the defendant's guilt involves both the affirmative and negative substantive elements of conviction and sentencing.China's Criminal Law and its four-part criminal system dictate the burden of proof structure for establishing the facts of a criminal case,with the defendant not tasked with proving a"positive defense."Provisions related to factual exemptions,crimes involving unknown sources of substantial assets,subjective presumptions and other relevant laws also do not establish a system for reversing the burden of proof in criminal cases,thereby relieving the defendant of this responsibility.It is the prosecution's duty to substantiate all required facts,while the defendant is not burdened with proving them,aligning with the cohesive interpretation of China's evidentiary system.