自动化行政处罚的司法审查——以道路交通领域为例

Judicial Review of Automated Administrative Penalties:Taking Road Traffic as an Example

作为法律与科技相融合的产物,自动化行政处罚是行政机关通过自动化设备执行算法所完成的行政行为。其作出过程更新了传统行政处罚的行为方式,给司法审查带来新的挑战,具体表现为:证据形态的改变增加了事实审查的难度,程序的压缩与减省冲击了传统的程序审查,瞬间完成的自动化决策过程导致结果审查面临技术壁垒与算法黑箱难题。面对挑战,法院在事实审查方面,核心在于审查行政机关向法院提交的电子数据能否证明案件事实,包括审查电子数据采集设备的合法性、电子数据的证据效力,并应结合行政诉讼的审查标准判断电子数据的证明力;在程序审查方面,应运用技术性正当程序理念,从程序减省的合法性、人工介入程序的设置与行使便利性、告知的及时性与有效性、相对人的陈述和申辩程序等维度进行底线审查;在结果审查方面,应采用过程性审查方式,审慎审查自动化量罚规则,结合个案情形全面审查处罚结果的合法性,要尤为防止执法人员过度依赖自动化量罚系统而放弃自身的“个案考量义务”,确保处罚结果的公正。

Automated administrative punishments,emerging from the fusion of law and technology,entail administrative actions carried out by automated devices through algorithms.This evolution in the administrative punishment process presents novel challenges for judicial scrutiny,reshaping traditional practices.These challenges manifest in various aspects:shifts in evidence format heighten the complexity of factual assessment,streamlined procedures impact conventional procedural reviews,and real-time automated decision-making introduces technical barriers and the enigma of algorithmic black boxes in result review.Faced with these challenges,courts face a pivotal task in factual review:evaluating the sufficiency of electronic data submitted by administrative bodies to substantiate case facts.This involves assessing the legality of data collection methods,the evidentiary weight of electronic data,and aligning assessing the probative value of electronic data with the standards of administrative litigation review.Regarding procedural review,courts should emphasize procedural justice,conducting baseline assessments on the legality of procedural simplification,the establishment and accessibility of human intervention protocols,the timeliness and effectiveness of notifications,and the procedures for the statement and defense of the parties involved.In results review,a meticulous procedural review approach is essential.This involves a thorough examination of automated punishment quantification rules,ensuring the legality of punishment outcomes based on individual case specifics.It is crucial to prevent law enforcement officers from excessively relying on automated systems and neglecting their duty to exercise case-by-case judgment,ensuring the fairness of the final punishment outcomes.