论作为分离财产的企业财产:“家企隔离”的理论基础

Enterprise Property as Separate Property:the Theoretical Basis for“Family-enterprise segregation”

《促进民营经济发展壮大的意见》中提出,要“依法推动实现企业法人财产与出资人个人或家族财产分离,明晰企业产权结构”。为实现这一“家企隔离”目标,需首先反思企业财产作为独立财产的法律性质,这是隔离债务承担财产的理论基础。本文认为,无论投资者是否选择法人形式,企业财产都具有独立性,只是不同情况下的独立程度有别而已。当涉及企业法人时,原则上投资人或代理人毋须为法人所负债务负责,这在我国立法上已经获得确认,唯其实践效果仍需提升;另一方面,应对未设立企业法人的情况做出立法上的回应,如果企业财产仍然充足,也不应执行企业主的个人和家庭财产(反之亦然)。由此鼓励企业家的创新和创业精神,促进民营经济高质发展。

The Opinions on Promoting the Development and Growth of the Private Economy proposes“the separation of the enterprise’s property of legal persons from the personal or family property of the capital contributor in accordance with the law,and the clarification of the structure of property rights of the enterprise”.In order to achieve the objective of“family-enterprise segregation”,it is first necessary to reflect on the legal nature of enterprise property as separate property.This provides the theoretical foundation for the segregation of debt-bearing property.This paper posits that,whether the investor chooses the form of legal persons or not,the enterprise property is to be regarded as independent.Nevertheless,the extent of this independence varies considerably in different cases.In the case of an enterprise operated in the name of a legal person,the investor or agent shall not be liable for the debts incurred by the legal person in principle.This has been corroborated by our legislation,but its practical effect still requires improvement.In the case of an enterprise operated in the absence of a legal person,legislative response shall be made.The personal or family property of the contributors or agents should not be subject to enforcement,provided that the property of the enterprise is sufficient(and vice versa).This will encourage innovation and entrepreneurship among entrepreneurs,thus facilitating the high-quality development of the private economy.