海域立体开发利用背景下的空间划分与设权模式

Spatial Division and Ownership Model under the Background of Three⁃Dimensional Development and Utilization of Sea Areas

海域使用立体分层设权既要满足效率用海的要求,亦要兼顾权属清晰的原则。以海域天然层次进行物理划分并设立多层海域使用权的方式和在同一海域设立多个空间范围一致海域使用权的方式,都不能同时回应效率用海和权属清晰要求。空间划分应当以用海项目和用海方式之差异为基础,在宗海空间内对用海项目的用海空间、立体用海层空间和可兼容用海层空间进行划分,明确宗海内用海项目的内部和外部可兼容用海层空间。底土下方断层空间的用海项目应当设立单项海域使用权;宗海内存在用海空间为底土至水面全部空间的用海项目时,应当采用单一海域使用权模式,由海域使用权人采用租赁的方式为兼容用海人设立兼容用海权;宗海内用海项目只使用底土至水面部分空间时,应当采用复合海域使用权模式,由兼容用海人分别取得纵向空间范围不一致的海域使用权。

Models for establishing space division and usage rights in sea areas must meet efficiency require⁃ments,and clarity of ownership.Existing models discussed by scholars,whether dividing the sea based on natural layers or establishing multiple rights within the same area,fail to satisfy both efficiency and clarity.This article proposes a new model based on the differing needs of sea use projects.In this model,a specific sea area parcel is vertically divided into spaces for usage rights,main usage,and compatible usage.Rights to the space beneath the seabed should be separate,.If a project requires the entire space above the sea⁃bed,only one usage right will be required for being established.This right holder can then lease out the compatible usage space.Conversely,if projects require only part of the space between the seabed and the surface,a model of multiple usage rights will be applied,while having separate rights for different vertical extents.