生命周期不同阶段肠道菌群的影响因素

Factors influencing intestinal microbiota across different life stages

肠道菌群作为人体内最大最复杂的微生态系统,与宿主形成互利共生关系,其构成和功能在整个生命周期中呈现出变化,同时保持相对稳定。随着肠道菌群研究技术的发展,越来越多的研究聚焦于遗传、营养和环境等因素对肠道菌群的影响,特别是生命不同阶段的菌群动态变化。肠道菌群随着生命周期的变化不断发育、成熟、衰老,显示出年龄特征性。胎儿菌群从宫内开始定植,而出生方式和喂养方式为肠道菌群的早期定植奠定基础,断奶过程促使肠道菌群逐渐成熟;在青春期和更年期,性激素水平的波动与肠道菌群之间相互调节;在衰老阶段,肠道菌群的变化与免疫衰老和慢性低度炎症密切相关;抗生素在整个生命周期中对肠道菌群产生重要的干扰作用,尤其在生命早期的影响更为显著。本文分析了影响正常肠道菌群初始构建、成熟和衰老的重要因素,旨在探讨这些因素与宿主生理功能之间的相互关系,为深入了解肠道微生态系统的动态变化提供理论基础。

As the largest and most complex microbial ecosystem within the human body,the intestinal microbiota forms a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the host.The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota undergo changes throughout the entire life cycle while maintaining relative stability.With advancements in intestinal microbiota research technologies,recent studies have increasingly focused on the impact of genetic,nutritional,and environmental factors on the intestinal microbiota,with particular attention to the dynamic changes at different stages of life.The intestinal microbiota undergoes continuous development,maturation,and aging,exhibiting age-specific characters.Fetal microbiota begins to colonize in utero,and the mode of delivery and feeding practices lay the foundation for early colonization of the intestinal microbiota.The weaning process facilitates the gradual maturation of the intestinal microbiota.During adolescence and menopause,the substantial fluctuations in sex hormone levels interact with the intestinal microbiota.In the aging phase,changes in the intestinal microbiota are closely associated with immune aging and chronic low-grade inflammation.Antibiotics exert significant disruptive effects on the intestinal microbiota throughout the life cycle,especially with more pronounced effects in early life stage.This review analyzed the key factors influencing the normal initiation,maturation,and aging of the intestinal microbiota,aiming to explore the interrelationships between these factors and host physiological functions,providing a foundation for a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes in the intestinal microbial ecosystem.